Academic vocabulary and language

Boys vs Girls: Boys outperform girls in math, and girls outperform boys in literature

Behavioral engagement: Learning activities

Emotional engagement: How much they like the school

Cognitive engagement: A self regulated approach to push themselves

Motivation to do school: predicts academic performance (if already low motivation, then this cascades to even less motivation)

Choice Matters: success ≠ enjoyment, but choice (choose to do) = higher motivation

Goal orientation: Performance (outcome) vs. mastery (learning) goal orientation

Expectations for success: (“I believe I can do it well”) positively predicts grade/performance

Test anxiety: This can affect someone through worry and negative emotions which may play a role in the outcome

Task value: Subjective value a person assigns to a task (Which depends on; interest in material emotional stress ect)

Parenting context: Provide emotional warmth and support as well as information and guidence

Peers context: Assist one another

Bidirectional (Peer context): Similarity of peers in academic engagement and performance mean peers can have positive or negative influences on academics

Entity orientation: Fixed mindset (Either you're good or bad at something)

Incremental/mastery orientation: you can improve on something, it's not innate