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Convergent evolution
different organisms independently evolve similar traits
Anagenesis
gradual transformation (along branches) of one species into another (one species becomes another species)
Cladogenesis
rapid splitting of a species into 2 or more parts (one species splits into ≥2 species)
sources of variation
what kind of progeny are produced
what are 4 sources of variation?
mutation
recombination
phenotypic plasticity
constraints
modifiers of variation
what kinds of progeny are in the next generation
3 examples of modifiers of variation
natural selection
sexual selection
genetic drift
phylogeny
diversification of lineages through evolution, each animal shares a trait with its neighbour
adaptation
a trait which arose historically, enhancing fitness as a result of natural selection
Key innovations
novel trait which originated in a particular lineage, providing evolutionary "advantages", ex
key innovations lead to ________ _________
key innovations lead to adaptive radiation
Adaptive radiation
explosion of speciation in a lineage, that can be causally linked to its key innovation, involving ecological & phenotypic diversification
Note 
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