1.4 evolution
Patterns in evolution
- Convergent evolution - when different organisms independently evolve similar traits
- Anagenesis - gradual transformation (along branches) of one species into another (one species becomes another species)
- Cladogenesis - rapid splitting of a species into 2 or more parts (one species splits into ≥2 species)
Processes of evolution
Sources of variation (what kind of progeny are produced?)
- Mutation
- Recombination
- Phenotypic plasticity
- Constraints
Modifiers of variation (what kinds of progeny are in the next generation?)
- Natural selection
- Sexual selection
- Genetic drift
Phylogeny
- Diversification of lineages through evolution
- Any scale: populations to massive groups
- Temporal or just relative sequence
- NOT about gross similarity
- Emphasises shared novel traits, not primitive traits
- Animal shares a trait with its neighbour
- Further down you move the phylogeny tree, the more recent the animal is
How it’s reconstructed:
- Anatomical, genetic, behavioural, fossil & other data
- Computer algorithms find patterns (phylogeny) which represents the best estimate of evolutionary patterns (minimising assumptions involved, etc)
Adaptation
“A trait which enhances fitness & arose historically as a result of natural selection for its current biological role”
- Requires:
- Feature
- More offspring production
- Favoured by natural selection
- Appeared in conjunction with its current function in its environment (was not previously used for another function)
Key innovations leading to adaptive radiations (both must coincide):
- Key innovations - novel trait which originated in a particular lineage, providing evolutionary “advantages”, ex. Increased speciations, leading to adaptive radiation
- Adaptive radiation - explosion of speciation in a lineage, that can be causally linked to its key innovation, involving ecological & phenotypic diversification
why study evolution?
- Produced biodiversity
- Harnessed by humans for breeding (artificial selection)
- Crucial for host-parasite, drug-disease arms races
- Phylogeny = good predictor of similarity; ex. Similar treatments probably work best on closely related species
- Good vets should be broad scholars (know biology better, know patients better)
- Every organism’s past history explains the way it is today & constraints its future
- Many health problems arise when animals experience environments they did not evolve in (ex. Obesity in zoos)
- Explains why vets are needed; no organism is truly optimised to even its natural environment