DNA, RNA, Mutation, Somatic Cell, Chromosomes, Sexual Reproduction, Meiosis, Gametogenesis

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid provides instructions for creating proteins

Chromatin

DNA wrapped around histone proteins, condenses into chromosomes

Genome

Complete DNA sequence in every cell of an organism

DNA Replication

Double helix unfurls and serves as a template for new strand

Chromosome

Condensed form of DNA, visible during cell division

Nucleotide

Subunit of DNA, composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base

Deoxyribose

Sugar component of DNA nucleotide

Phosphate Group

Holds the sugars together in DNA

Nitrogenous Bases

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine

Purines

Adenine and Guanine, double ring nitrogenous bases

Pyrimidines

Cytosine and Thymine, single ring nitrogenous bases

Codon

Triplet of nucleotides, corresponds to one amino acid

RNA

Ribonucleic acid, carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes

Transcription

Enzyme unzips DNA and translates one strand into mRNA

mRNA

Messenger RNA, carries genetic information from DNA to cytoplasm

tRNA

Transport RNA, converts codons to proteins using amino acids

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis, has A, P, and E sites for tRNA docking

Mutation

Change in genetic material of a cell

Point Mutation

Chemical change in one nucleotide, can lead to abnormal protein

Silent Mutation

Mutation that has no effect on amino acids produced

Missense Mutation

Mutation where a different amino acid is produced

Nonsense Mutation

Mutation where a stop codon is present, stops protein synthesis

Frameshift Mutation

Insertion or deletion that shifts how the entire gene is read

Somatic Cell

Any cell in the body that contains genetic material and is capable of division

Cell Division

Process of growth, repair, and maintenance in multicellular organisms

Interphase

Period of growth and DNA duplication in cell cycle

Mitosis

Separation of genetic material in cell division

Chromosome

Structure composed of DNA, contains genes

Karyotype

Photograph of an individual's set of chromosomes

Protein

Complex molecule made of amino acids, folded into 3D shape

Sexual Reproduction

Involves male and female gametes to create genetic variation

Haploid

Cell with half the number of chromosomes (n)

Diploid

Cell with two sets of chromosomes (2n)

Meiosis

Process of creating haploid sex cells from diploid cells

Fertilization

Combining of haploid sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote

Gametogenesis

Process of creating gametes (sperm and egg)

Spermatogenesis

Process of creating sperm cells in the testes

Epigenetics

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

A, T, C, G, U

adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine, uracil

Synapsis

the pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, as well as the switcheroo

Chiasma

site of crossing over

Spermatogonia

The diploid cells in a testis that can give rise to primary spermatocytes.

Allele

Different forms of a gene

spermatocyte

a cell produced at the second stage in the formation of spermatozoa, formed from a spermatogonium and dividing by meiosis into spermatids.

Ovaries

Glands that produce the egg cells and hormones

independant assortment

independant segregation of genes during the formation of gametes

gene duplication

results from unequal crossing over

Deletion

removes a chromosomal segment

duplication

change to a chromosome in which part of the chromosome is repeated

inversion

a chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end

Translocation

Change to a chromosome in which a fragment of one chromosome attaches to a nonhomologous chromosome.

Cri du chat

deletion on chromosome 5

Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease

caused by duplication, it due muscle stuff

FG syndrome

caused by inversion of section of the X. males. intellectual disabilities, delayed motor dev, low muscle tone, broad toes and thumbs. no cure

XX male syndrome

SRY from male translocated onto X chromosome of female

Errors in Chromosome Structure

deletion, duplication, translocation, inversion

Errors in Chromosome Number

Down syndrome and Turner syndrome

Nondisjunction

Error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids fail to separate in anaphase 1 or 2.

Aneuploidy

an abnormal number of chromosomes

trisomy

A chromosomal abnormality in which a pair of homologous chromosomes has an additional chromosome, meaning three chromosomes are present

monosomy

A chromosomal abnormality in which a pair of homologous chromosomes is missing a chromosome, meaning three chromosomes are present

Number of amino acids

20

Polypeptide

long chain of amino acids that makes proteins

peptide

short chain of amino acids

Two key outcomes of meiosis

Genetic reduction and genetic recombination

Centromere

Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached

lethal alleles

a genotype that causes death

Polygenetic inheritance

two or more genes contribute to the phenotypic expression of a single characteristic

Rabbits

C>c^ch>c^h>c^a

Epistasis

A type of gene interaction in which one gene silences the affect of another

standard deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

monohybrid cross

A cross between individuals that involves one pair of contrasting traits

dihybrid cross

An experimental mating of individuals that are each heterozygous for both of two characters (or the self-pollination of a plant that is heterozygous for both characters).

Dihybrid

a hybrid that is heterozygous for alleles of two different genes.

hybrid

a heterozygous individual