Chapter 9 - Expanding Markets and Moving West

Samuel F. B. Morse

Invented the telegraph and Morse code

Specialization

One/two cash crops only

Goods and services are produced in better quality, quantity and speed when people focus on producing a few things instead of making everything they want by themselves.

Market revolution

People bought and sold goods rather than making them

Capitalism

Economic system in which private businesses and individuals control the means of production

Entrepreneur

Investors willing to risk their money to make a profit

Telegraph

A way to carry messages across a copper wire

John Deere

Blacksmith who invented the first steel plow

Manifest Destiny

Belief that the United States would expand to the Pacific Ocean

Sante Fe Trail

Trail from Independence, MO to Sante Fe

the 900-mile trail opened by American merchants for trading purposes following Mexico's liberalizations of the formerly restrictive trading policies of Spain

Oregon trail

Pioneer trail that began in Missouri and crossed the Great Plains into the Oregon Territory; main route across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains; after the coming of the railroad, the trail fell into disuse and was finally abandoned in the 1870s

Mormons

A religious community that commuted west

Church founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 with headquarters in Salt Lake City, Utah, religious group that emphasized moderation, saving, hard work, and risk-taking; moved from IL to UT

Joseph Smith

Established The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints

Founder of the Mormons

Brigham Young

Led the Mormon to the Great Salt Lake

Successor to the Mormons after the death of Joseph Smith; responsible for the survival of the sect and its establishment in Salt Lake City, Utah

"Fifty Four Forty or Fight"

The slogan for the 1844 presidential campaign

The phrase used in James K Polk's 1844 presidential election dealing with the Oregon Territory dispute with Great Britain; never actually fought them however and settled on the 49th parallel as the boundary between the US and British Canada

Stephen F. Austin

Led settlers into.modern day Texas

the "Father of Texas"

Mission system

Meanteant to convert the natives to Roman Catholicism

Tejanos

Mexicans living in US territory of Texas

Land grant

Large areas of.land offered to the US by Mexico

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

Mexican president;

Mexican general who tried to crush the Texas revolt and who lost battles to Winfield Scott and Zachary Taylor in the Mexican War (1795-1876)

Texas Revolution

Rebellion erupted when Santa Anna restricted rights in Mexican territory;

War between Texas settlers and Mexico from 1835-1836 resulting in the formation of the Republic of Texas

Alamo

1835 battle

A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force.

Sam Houston

Led the Texas at the battle of San Jacinto;

Commander of the Texas army at the battle of San Jacinto; later elected president of the Republic of Texas

Republic of Texas

Lone Star Republic;

Created March, 1836 but not recognized until the next month after the battle of San Jacinto. Its second president attempted to establish a sound government and develop relations with England and France. However, rapidly rising public debt, internal conflicts and renewed threats from Mexico led them to join the U.S. in 1845.

Annex

Incorporate

To add or attach

James K. Polk

Us president in.1845; known as the "Manifest Destiny" president;

Wanted to settle Oregon boundary dispute with Britain. Wanted to acquire California. Wanted to incorporate Texas into the Union and was silent on the issue of slavery as a way to satisfy Southerners

Zachary Taylor

General during Mexican war;

General that was a military leader in Mexican-American War and 12th president of the United States. Sent by President Polk to lead the American Army against Mexico at Rio Grande, but defeated.

Republic of California

Bear Flag Republic;

The nation proclaimed by American settlers when they declared their independence from Mexico in 1846

Treaty of Gaudalupe Hidalgo

Treaty that ended the Mexican war; February 1848, Confirmed the annexation of Texas; gave US the area called the Mexican Cession which included California and New Mexico

Gadsden Purchase

This purchase would be the completion of the current lower 48 states

Agreement w/ Mexico that gave the US parts of present-day New Mexico & Arizona in exchange for $10 million; all but completed the continental expansion envisioned by those who believed in Manifest Destiny

Forty niners

gold prospectors that flocked to California

Gold Rush

Started when gold was discovered in California in 1848;

People rushed out to California in 1849 to try and get rich

"American Progress"

famous Manifest Destiny painting by Gast