bio unit 3 test

Name several treatments or conditions that may affect the structure of an enzyme (protein)-  cause it to denature.

pH, temperature, salinity (salt concentration)

What type of reaction is when a molecule is broken down? What type of reaction is when a molecule is  built (made)?

catabolic, anabolic

Identify the point in which an enzyme is saturated.  

the highest point of the graph or where the line ‘flattens’—enzyme activity stays the same

How do organisms obtain energy from ATP?  What is ATP made up of?  What is phosphorylation of a molecule?

breaking the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate; adenosine, triphosphate; add a phosphate group to a molecule

How do enzymes catalyze reactions?

lower the activation energy

Write the complete formulas/chemical equations for photosynthesis and aerobic respiration.

Photosynthesis: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy => C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Aerobic: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ => 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy

Why is water important in photosynthesis?

water is split to provide the electrons for the light reactions that produce NADPH

What happens to C3 plants if their stomata close during the day due to hot, dry conditions.

when the stomata close during the day, the plant can’t obtain carbon dioxide. photosynthesis begins with oxygen instead of carbon dioxide, which is bad for the plant.

Why is the proton gradient important in photosynthesis?  What molecule is generated due to the proton gradient?

the h⁺ (proton) gradient is formed so that h⁺ protons can move from high to low concentrations which generates the production of atp

In reference to pH, varying concentrations of what molecule determines pH?

h⁺ and oh^-

The main source of fuel for animals is what macromolecule?

carbs

What are the products of glycolysis?

pyruvate, nadh, atp

What are the products of pyruvate oxidation?

acetyl coa

What process of cellular respiration remains constant with or without oxygen?

glycolysis

Describe the role of the following three pigments commonly found in plants:  Chlorophyll A

primary pigment

Describe the role of the following three pigments commonly found in plants:  Chlorophyll B

broadens the absorption spectrum; accessory pigment

Describe the role of the following three pigments commonly found in plants:  Carotenoids

protect the plant from harmful uv rays; photoprotection

Describe what happens to muscles when a person experiences a “burning sensation”. 

low/no oxygen. the person is experiencing lactic acid fermentation to produce atp. the lactic acid causes the burning sensation

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell? 

cytosol

Where does pyruvate oxidation occur in the cell?

mitchondrial matrix

Where does the citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle) occur in the cell?

mitochondrial matrix

What would happen if pyruvate catalysis is greatly reduced in aerobic cell respiration?

therw ould be less acetyl coa produced to enter the krebs cycle; therefore there would be less electron carriers (nadh & fadh²) produced in the krebs cycle