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Core Methodology Concepts

Why can discussions of methodology become confusing?

Because the terms approach, method, procedure, and technique are often misused or overlapped.

Core Methodology Concepts

What should teachers consider when encountering a new method?

Whether it fits theories of language and learning and whether its procedures are effective in their classroom context.

Core Methodology Concepts

What key questions should teachers ask about techniques and activities?

Are they satisfying for students and teachers, and do they achieve their intended goals?

Grammar-Translation Method

When did Grammar-Translation become established?

In the 19th century.

Grammar-Translation Method

What was the main classroom activity in Grammar-Translation?

Translating sentences between L1 and L2.

Grammar-Translation Method

How was language treated in Grammar-Translation?

Mainly at sentence level, with a focus on grammar accuracy.

Grammar-Translation Method

Was spoken language emphasized?

No, spoken language received little attention.

Direct Method

Why did the Direct Method emerge?

As a reaction against Grammar-Translation.

Direct Method

What classroom language policy did the Direct Method promote?

Exclusive use of the target language (L2-only).

Direct Method

How was meaning established?

Through objects, pictures, and actions.

Direct Method

What was considered crucial in the Direct Method?

Accuracy and exclusive use of the target language.

Audiolingual Method

What theory underpins Audiolingualism?

Behaviorism (stimulus-response-reinforcement).

Audiolingual Method

What was the main learning mechanism?

Habit formation through repetition and drills.

Audiolingual Method

What kind of drills were common?

Substitution drills and repetition drills.

Audiolingual Method

How were errors treated in Audiolingualism?

Errors were avoided and discouraged.

Audiolingual Method

What level of language was emphasized?

Sentence-level language, often without real-life context.

PPP: Presentation-Practice-Production

What does PPP stand for?

Presentation, Practice, Production.

PPP: Presentation-Practice-Production

What teaching tradition did PPP grow out of?

Structural-situational teaching and Audiolingualism.

PPP: Presentation-Practice-Production

What happens in the presentation stage?

The teacher introduces language in a clear situation.

PPP: Presentation-Practice-Production

What is the goal of the practice stage?

Accurate reproduction of the target language.

PPP: Presentation-Practice-Production

What is the aim of the production stage?

Freer use of language in communicative contexts.

Community Language Learning (CLL)

What is the teacher's role in CLL?

A "knower" or counselor.

Community Language Learning (CLL)

How does the teacher help learners speak?

By translating or reformulating their utterances.

Community Language Learning (CLL)

Why are recordings used?

For later reflection and analysis.

Suggestopedia

Who developed Suggestopedia?

Georgi Lozanov.

Suggestopedia

What is central in Suggestopedia?

Lowering learners' affective filter.

Suggestopedia

What role does music play?

Baroque music accompanies learning.

Suggestopedia

What classroom atmosphere is emphasized?

Comfort, relaxation, and emotional safety.

Total Physical Response (TPR)

What is the key activity in TPR?

Responding physically to commands.

Total Physical Response (TPR)

When do students start speaking in TPR?

Only when they feel ready.

Total Physical Response (TPR)

Why is TPR effective according to Asher?

Because children learn language through commands.

Silent Way

What is the teacher's main characteristic in the Silent Way?

Minimal speaking.

Silent Way

Who developed the Silent Way?

Caleb Gattegno.

Silent Way

What tools are commonly used?

Phonemic charts and Cuisenaire rods.

Silent Way

What is the learner's role?

To actively discover and construct language.

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

Why is CLT difficult to define precisely?

Because it includes a family of related approaches.

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

What does CLT focus on instead of grammar alone?

Language use, functions, and meanings.

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

What kinds of activities are typical in CLT?

Role-play, simulations, information-gap tasks.

Communicative Language Teaching (CLT)

What is more important in CLT: accuracy or task success?

Successful communication.

Communication Continuum

What characterizes non-communicative activities?

No communicative purpose, focus on form, teacher control.

Communication Continuum

What characterizes communicative activities?

Desire to communicate, focus on content, no teacher intervention.

Communication Continuum

What is the key element of real communication in CLT?

The information gap.

Criticism of CLT

What criticism is often directed at CLT?

It may neglect explicit grammar teaching.

Criticism of CLT

What risk is associated with CLT?

Loss of accuracy in pursuit of fluency.

Criticism of CLT

Despite criticism, what impact has CLT had?

It has permanently influenced ELT worldwide.

Task-Based Learning (TBL)

What is the core principle of Task-Based Learning?

Learning through completing meaningful tasks.

Task-Based Learning (TBL)

What is the focus of a TBL lesson?

The task, not the language form.

Task-Based Learning (TBL)

How does TBL relate to PPP?

It can be seen as "PPP upside down."

Task-Based Learning (TBL)

What are the three stages of the Willis TBL framework?

Pre-task → Task cycle → Language focus.