Substance dualism

What is the body?

Physical stuff humans are made of

What do materialist philosophers believe?

we are simply bodies and nothing more

Describe the nature of the mind in one word?

Difficult

What 2 things does the mind hold?

• Intelligence

• Emotions

What does the mind form?

Judgements, makes choices and holds memories

What does the mind interpret?

Sense data

What is a substance?

A subject which has various properties

What is the argument of substance dualists?

The mind is a substance and thoughts, intentions, feelings, emotions are properties of the mind. The body is a substance, it has the property of extension meaning it takes up space and has measurements

What did Pythagoras, Socrates and Plato all believe about substance dualism?

We have an essential non physical self which could be capable of existing without the body

What 2 examples are proof of Pythagoras, Socrates and Plato’s views on substance dualism?

• Out of body experiences

• Religious views

What is property dualism?

One kind of material, physical substance but two distinct kinds of properties: mental properties and physical properties

What does property dualism say about the brain?

Physical matter of the brain has physical properties but also has mental properties

What is emergent materialism?

As physical things become more complex new properties emerge from them which cannot be reduced to material

Who held the view of emergent materialism?

JS Mill

What is the quality which often separates humans from animals or machines?

Consciousness

What type of beings are animals?

Subjective beings

What is a subjective being?

They do not have an awareness about feelings like humans do

What is Descartes dualism known as?

Cartesian dualism