Review Questions: the Congress of Vienna to the Revolutions of 1848

Quadruple Alliance

The four member nations that defeated Napoleon: Austria, Prussia, Russia, and the United Kingdom.

Congress of Vienna

The meeting city where the Great Powers convened after defeating Napoleon to discuss the reorganization of Europe.

Klemens von Metternich

Considered the leader of the Congress of Vienna and served as the Austrian foreign minister.

Austrian foreign minister

The position held by Klemens von Metternich in the Austrian government.

Goals of the Congress of Vienna

To restore stability and order in Europe by redrawing borders and balancing power.

Principle of legitimacy

The idea that legitimate monarchs should be restored to their thrones after Napoleon's defeat.

Balance of power

A concept where no single nation would become too powerful, ensuring peace and stability.

Geographic restructuring of Europe

The Great Powers realigned borders to contain the future growth of France.

Austria's gains

Austria gained territory in Italy to strengthen its influence.

Prussia's gains

Prussia gained territories in Germany to enhance its power.

Classical 19th century conservatism

A political ideology that favored tradition, authority, and social stability.

Punishment of France by the Quadruple Alliance

France was subjected to military occupation and a financial indemnity.

Louis XVIII

The leader of France after Napoleon was restored to power.

Representation of legitimacy

The restoration of Louis XVIII exemplified the principle of legitimacy.

Government after Louis XVIII's restoration

France was established as a constitutional monarchy.

Concert of Europe

A system of diplomatic cooperation among the Great Powers to maintain peace.

Principle of intervention

The right of the Great Powers to intervene in countries experiencing revolutions.

Opposition to intervention

Great Britain typically opposed military intervention in other nations.

Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle

A meeting to discuss military occupation in France and tensions within Europe.

Congress of Troppau

A meeting discussing the principle of intervention due to revolutions in Europe.

Congress of Laibach

A congress that decided on intervention in the Italian states.

Congress of Verona

A meeting to address the situation in Spain and potential intervention.

Rebellion against the Ottoman Empire

The Greeks rebelled for cultural and political independence.

Great Power intervention in the Ottoman Empire

Russia directly intervened by attacking the Ottoman Empire.

Treaty of Adrianople

The treaty that ended the Russo-Turkish War, granting independence to Greece.

Greek uprising and nationalism

The Greek uprising represented a drive for national identity and independence.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

The leader of the Haitian rebellion against France from 1791 to 1804.

Napoleon's sale of Louisiana Territory

Napoleon sold the territory to finance his wars in Europe.

Central/South American rebellions and nationalism

The uprisings led by Bolivar and San Martin were expressions of national identity.

Monroe Doctrine

The U.S. policy opposing European colonialism in the Americas.

Great Britain's support of the U.S. position

Great Britain supported the Monroe Doctrine by opposing further European intervention.

Causes of the 1848 revolutions in France

Social discontent, economic crises, and demands for political reform.

Outcomes of the 1848 revolutions in France

Establishment of the Second Republic and universal male suffrage.

1848 revolution and liberalism

The revolution exemplified liberal demands for political and social change.

Frederick William IV's reforms for Prussia

Introduced a constitution and expanded civil rights.

Berlin demands from Frederick William IV in 1848

The people demanded political reforms and more representation.

Berlin revolution and liberalism

The causes and outcomes reflected the liberal pursuit of freedom and rights.

Demands of Hungarians from the Austrian government

Hungarians demanded greater autonomy and cultural recognition.

Demands of Czechs from the Austrian government

Czechs sought national recognition and rights within the Empire.

Hungarian and Czech rebellions and nationalism

Both represented desires for national identity and independence.

Fate of the Czechs and Viennese revolutionaries

Both were suppressed by Austrian forces after initial successes.

New monarch of Austria after Ferdinand I's abdication

Franz Joseph I became the monarch following Emperor Ferdinand I's resignation.

Defeat of Hungarian nationalists

Hungarian nationalists were ultimately crushed with military force.

Suppression of rebellions and conservatism

The defeat of revolutions illustrated the resilience of conservative power.

Crimean War and the end of the Concert of Europe

The war highlighted divisions among the Great Powers and concluded cooperative diplomacy.

Characteristics of Romanticism

Emphasis on emotion, nature, individualism, and the sublime.

Romantic painting

Characterized by emotional depth, individualism, and dramatic use of light.

Romantic poetry

Focused on personal feelings, nature, and the human experience.

Romantic literature

Explored themes of emotion, individualism, and the natural world.

Methodism and Romanticism

Methodism emphasized emotional experience and personal faith, aligning with Romantic ideals.

Characteristics of Realism

Depicted everyday life, social conditions, and authenticity in portrayal.