2.4 Functional Groups & Isomers

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Biology

Biochemistry

Last updated 9:46 PM on 1/20/24
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13 Terms

1
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Tell me about Carbon and its importance in life on Earth

  • Organic Compound - contains C and found in living things

  • Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist

  • Life is based on carbon compounds including: carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

<ul><li><p><strong><span style="color: red">Organic Compound</span></strong> - contains C and found in living things</p></li></ul><ul><li><p>Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist</p></li><li><p>Life is based on carbon compounds including: carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids</p></li></ul><p><img src="https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/3a55e7b5-d5cd-454e-8d8c-52fca0b5ac2f.jpeg"></p>
2
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What are Functional Groups? What does their reactivity result from?

Reactive clusters of atoms attached to carbon backbone of organic molecules

Reactivity results from polar nature of cluster or presence of multiple bonds (double or triple)

3
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What are the Functional Groups you should know?

Hydroxyl (OH)

Amino (NH or NH2)

Sulfhydryl (SH)

Phosphate(PO4)

Carboxyl (COOH)

Carbonyl Groups

Aldehyde (COH)

Ketone (CO)

4
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Tell me about Hydroxyl (OH)

  • found in alcohol and sugars

<ul><li><p>found in alcohol and sugars</p></li></ul>
5
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Tell me about Amino (NH or NH2)

  • found in proteins and bases

<ul><li><p>found in proteins and bases</p></li></ul>
6
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Tell me about Sulfhydryl (SH)

  • found in rubber and protein

<ul><li><p>found in rubber and protein</p></li></ul>
7
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Tell me about Phosphate (PO4)

  • found in ATP, DNA and RNA

<ul><li><p>found in ATP, DNA and RNA</p></li></ul>
8
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Tell me about Carboxyl (COOH)

  • found in acids (e.g. vinegar)

<ul><li><p>found in acids (e.g. vinegar)</p></li></ul>
9
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Tell me about Aldehyde (COH)

  • Carbonyl group

  • found in sugars & formaldehyde

<ul><li><p>Carbonyl group</p></li><li><p>found in sugars &amp; formaldehyde</p></li></ul>
10
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Tell me about Ketone (CO)

  • Carbonyl group

  • found in sugars & acetone

<ul><li><p>Carbonyl group</p></li><li><p>found in sugars &amp; acetone</p></li></ul>
11
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What are Structural Isomers? What do they show?

molecule with same molecular formula but with different arrangement of atoms

  • they show that differences in shape of isomers leads to differences in their physical and chemical properties

12
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Tell me about isomers in relation to glucose, galactose, and fructose*

glucose, galactose and fructose have same molecular formula (C6H12O6) but different structures

<p>glucose, galactose and fructose have same molecular formula (C6H12O6) but different structures</p>
13
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Tell me about isomers in relation to starch and cellulose*

Glucose itself has 3 different structural isomers

In dry state, glucose has linear structure, but when dissolved in water, molecule folds on itself to form one of two possible ring structures:

Two isomers of glucose differ only in orientation of a single hydroxyl (-OH) group

Small structural difference leads to large difference in chemical properties

Starch found in plants (amylose or amylopectin) is a polymer of α-glucose in 1-4 arrangement or 1-6 arrangement respectively

digestible

Cellulose found in cell wall of plants is a polymer of β-glucose in 1-4 arrangement - can’t be digested by most animals

not digestible

<p>Glucose itself has 3 different structural isomers</p><p>In dry state, glucose has linear structure, but when dissolved in water, molecule folds on itself to form one of two possible ring structures: </p><p>Two isomers of glucose differ only in orientation of a single hydroxyl (-OH) group</p><p>Small structural difference leads to large difference in chemical properties</p><p><strong><span>Starch</span></strong> found in plants (amylose or amylopectin) is a polymer of α-glucose in 1-4 arrangement or 1-6 arrangement respectively</p><p style="text-align: center"><img src="https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/bf831e4c-c0d1-4e3c-b7f4-7a8e4d863733.jpeg">digestible</p><p><strong><span>Cellulose</span></strong> found in cell wall of plants is a polymer of β-glucose in 1-4 arrangement - can’t be digested by most animals</p><p style="text-align: center"><img src="https://knowt-user-attachments.s3.amazonaws.com/94f6a974-ff7c-49b0-b63d-74fe17a768f0.jpeg"><strong>not</strong> digestible</p>