Psychology 2e - Practice Exam Review

A comprehensive set of 50 flashcards for reviewing key concepts in Psychology for the upcoming exam covering chapters 6, 7, 10, and 12.

What is the conditioned response (CR) when a dog salivates at the sound of a bell that has been paired with food?

The salivation at the sound of the bell.

What type of conditioning did Pavlov's experiments with dogs demonstrate?

Classical conditioning.

What does it illustrate when a child who was bitten by a dog now fears all dogs?

Generalization.

In the Little Albert experiment, what was the loud noise classified as?

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS).

What kind of schedule is indicated if a student receives extra credit every fifth homework assignment?

Fixed ratio.

What is the consequence when a teenager loses driving privileges for breaking curfew?

Negative punishment.

What is taking aspirin to relieve a headache an example of?

Negative reinforcement.

When you randomly check your email throughout the day because new messages sometimes arrive, what type of schedule is this?

Variable interval schedule.

What is the term for the sudden reappearance of a conditioned response after extinction?

Spontaneous recovery.

In Bandura's Bobo Doll study, what behavior did children exhibit if they saw adults rewarded for aggression?

Imitated the aggression.

What is learning by watching others and imitating their behavior called?

Observational learning.

What does vicarious reinforcement mean?

You watch someone else be reinforced.

What is a mental grouping of similar things called?

Concept.

What is the best example of a category known as?

Prototype.

How do schemas help us?

They help us organize and interpret information.

What does it indicate when terms like 'edible,' 'inedible,' and 'delicious' relate to food?

It illustrates a concept.

What is the smallest unit of sound in language called?

Phoneme.

What is the smallest unit of meaning in a word known as?

Morpheme.

What are heuristics?

Mental shortcuts.

What is persistently using a past strategy that no longer works called?

Mental set.

Searching only for evidence that supports one’s belief is known as?

Confirmation bias.

What heuristic does the phrase 'out of sight, out of mind' explain?

Availability heuristic.

From whom does the formula 'IQ = (mental age ÷ chronological age) × 100' originate?

Binet.

What is considered the average IQ score?

100.

Who proposed the theory of triarchic intelligence?

Sternberg.

Which intelligence is included in Howard Gardner’s theory?

Naturalistic intelligence.

What does 'crystallized intelligence' refer to?

Accumulated knowledge.

Critics argue that IQ tests are culturally what?

Biased.

The nature-nurture debate in intelligence focuses on differences due to which factors?

Genetics or environment.

What is a formula that ensures a correct solution if used correctly?

Algorithm.

What type of motivation is working out just for enjoyment?

Intrinsic motivation.

What is working overtime for a bonus an example of?

Extrinsic motivation.

According to drive-reduction theory, what arises motivation?

Internal needs or tensions.

After physiological and safety needs, what do people seek next according to Maslow?

Belonging and love.

What is the highest level in Maslow’s hierarchy?

Self-actualization.

What modern view emphasizes regarding Maslow’s hierarchy?

Multiple needs can be active at once.

What does the James-Lange theory state about emotion and arousal?

Arousal comes before emotion.

What does the Cannon-Bard theory state about emotion and arousal?

They occur simultaneously.

The Schachter-Singer theory adds which component to emotion?

Cognitive labeling.

What does the facial-feedback hypothesis suggest?

Facial expressions influence emotion.

What brain structure is most involved in fear and anger?

Amygdala.

Bulimia nervosa is characterized by what behavior?

Bingeing and purging.

What term describes someone attracted to both sexes?

Bisexual.

What does gender refer to?

Social and cultural roles.

What is it called when attributing someone's rude behavior to their personality?

Fundamental attribution error.

Thinking that 'good things happen to good people' describes what concept?

Just-world hypothesis.

What does wearing a uniform at work illustrate?

Social role.

Changing your behavior due to a direct request is called?

Compliance.

Changing your behavior to match the group without a direct request is?

Conformity.

According to Sternberg’s triangular theory, what is love with intimacy, passion, and commitment called?

Consummate love.