Chapter 7- Skeletal System

what tissues make up bone

bone tissue, cartilage, dense connective, blood, and nervous tissue

function of bones (4)

support/protect soft tissues, provide point of attachment for muscle, produce blood cells, store inorganic salts

what are three things that all bones have in common

structure, development, function

long bone examples (3)

femur, tibia, fingers

long bone characteristic

long and narrow, have expanded ends

short bone characteristics

cube shaped

short bone examples (3)

carpal, tarsal, sesamoid bones

sesamoid embedded where

in tendons

sesamoid bones example

platella

flat bone chracteristic

plate like/flat

flat bone example

bones of skull

irregular bone example

zygomatic, vertebrae, calcaneous

epiphysis made up of which type of bone

spongy bone

epiphysis location on long bone

expanded end

diaphysis

bone shaft

metaphysis location

between diaphysis and epiphysis, widening part

articular cartilage covers what

covers the epiphysis (end of long bones) at articulations or joints

articular cartilage made up of what cartilage

hyaline cartilage

articular cartilage function

help joints move

diaphysis made up of what bone type

compact bone

where is bone marrow housed

diaphysis

which bone marrow does a child have more of

red bone marrow

red vs yellow bone marrow

red bone marrow produces blood cells, yellow bone marrow produces fat

periosteum lines what part of long bone

diaphysis

function of periosteum and how much layers does it have

attatchment for tendon. 2 layers.

endosteum lines what

lines marrow cavity

bone marrow lines what

medullary cavity

endosteum has what type of cells

bone forming cells (osteoblast)

periosteum made up of what type of tissue

dense connective tissue

endo means what

inside

trabeculae

brancing bony plates, make up spongy bone

what makes up spongy bone

trabeculae

mature bone cells are called

osteocytes

osteocytes occupy chambers called

lacunae

what is a canaliculi ad what is its function

canal between osteocytes. connect osteocytes so each can get blood/nutrients from central canal

what do osteocytes maintain

the matrix/bone tissue

what is the extracellular matrix of bone composed of

collagen fiber and inorganic salts

osteoblast

bone making cells

osteoclast

bone breaking cells

why do bones heal quicker

due to blood/nerve supply

what does collagen do to bone

give bone resilience/strength

what does inorganic salts do to bone

make bone hard

central canal contains what

blood vessel/nerves to supply bone tissue

lamella

layers of bone that surround central canal

compact bone characteristics (4)

strong/solid, weightbearing, resist compression, conssit of cyndricilal units called osteons

osteons only found where

compact bone

which bone type is red bone marrow found

spongy bone

spongy bone characteristic

arranged into trabiculae (branching plates) that are flexible and decreases weight of bone.

osteocytes pass nutrients through

canaliculi

perforating canals in compact bone do what

join adjacent central canals to osteons

osteogenic

stem cell for bone

when does bone remodeling occur

throughout life

where do bone deposition and resorption occur

on surace of endosteum and periosteum

bone resorption does what

removal of bone, action of osteoCLAST

bone depostition does what

formation of bone with osteoBLAST

bone resorption releases what

lots of calcium and phosphorus

if you have low calcium how can you increase it

by breaking down bone (bone resorption)

what makes marrow cavity bigger

osteoclast

if blood calcium level too high, how can you lower it

can store calcium in bones (bone deposition)

what makes bone strong

calcium and phosphorus (hydroxyaptite)

what vitamins impact bone development

vitamin D, vitamin A, vitamin C

how does vitamin D affect bone development

important for calcium absorption.

lack of vitamin D in bones causes what

weak bones, leads to rickets or osteomalacia

how does vitamin A affect bone development

needed for osteoclast and osteoblast

what is needed for collagen synthesis

vitamin c

vitamin c affects bone development how

collagen syntheis

lack of vitamin A in bone lead to what

slender, fragile bones

what do growth hormones stimulate

cartilage cell division, growth

lack of growth hormone causes what

pituitary dwarfism

too much growth hormone causes what

gigantism in children, acromegaly in adults

what hormones affect bone development

thyroid, parathyroid, and sx hormones

thyroid hormone affects what process

metabolism

thyroid hormone affect bone development how (2)

causes ossification of cartilage in growth/epiphyseal plate and stimulate osteoBLAST activity

parathyroid hormone located where

parahtyroid gland is on back of thyroid gland

parathyroid affect bone development how (2)

respond to low blood calcium lvl and increases, and stiumlates osteoclasts

sex hormone affects bone development how

causes bone formation, causes long bones to grow, and growth plate to ossify so bones no longer grow in length

does stress on bones make them stronger or weaker

stronger