APUSH UNIT 4 TEST

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

the acquisition from France of the enormous Louisiana Territory, from the Appalachians to the Rocky Mts.; the U.S.
doubled in size

Lewis and Clark Expedition

dispatched by Jefferson, the corps explored the Louisiana
Territory and Northwest from 1804-1807, creating
widespread desire to settle the west

Embargo Act (1807)

in response to the Chesapeake incident, Congress passed this act which prohibited all foreign trade by US
merchants; some Federalists threatened
secession

Battles of Tippecanoe and the Thames (1811)

troops under Governor William Henry Harrison
defeated a confederation of Native Americans in
both locations; these defeats signaled the end of
Indian resistance in the North

Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)

troops under militia commander Andrew Jackson killed over
800 Native Americans in this last battle of the
Creek War; this defeat signaled the end of Indian
resistance in the South

War Hawks

Congressmen who favored war with Great Britain (in part, in hopes of gaining more land in the west from British-controlled Canada)

Hartford Convention (1814)

meeting of New England Federalists to discuss their grievances about the War of 1812 and other political problems; used the language of the KY and VA
Resolutions to protest; their radical opposition to
US policy caused the Federalist party’s downfall

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Andrew Jackson defeated the British at this final battle of the War of the 1812; Jackson became a national hero

Treaty of Ghent

ended the War of 1812; re-established the same situation as before the war(status quo antebellum)

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Supreme Court established the principle of judicial review, the
idea that the Court has authority to judge the constitutionality of congressional laws and executive actions

Erie Canal

350-mile canal connecting Albany to Buffalo, completed in 1825; connected parts of the West to the eastern seaboard by way of the Hudson River

internal improvements

government-funded construction projects that created transportation infrastructure: roads, turnpikes, canals, and
harbors

Horace Mann

Massachusetts reformer who advocated for public (government-funded) schools

“putting-out” system

type of manufacturing by which steps in the production process were farmed out to workers in shops and their homes; workers were paid by the piece

Waltham Plan

manufacturing system promoted by Samuel Slater in the 1790s that included (1) the concentration of all processes in one plant under unified management, (2) specialization
requiring minimum skill by the workers

Rhode Island-Fall River System

manufacturing system that involved the creation of mill villages that employed entire families who lived in
tenements; workers were often paid in goods from
the company store

Waltham-Lowell System

factory system that flourished 1820s - 30s and featured the use of young women as laborers; they lived in factory-
owned boarding houses and were required to live by a strict moral code; they typically worked 80
hours a week

urbanization

growth of cities, both in size and density

“cult of domesticity”

belief that a woman’s proper sphere was the home; women should be models of piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity

Charles G. Finney

popular revivalist in New York during the Second Great Awakening

Second Great Awakening

from the 1790s through the 1830s, a widespread religious revival; left a legacy of newly established churches, democratization, and social reform

transcendentalism

intellectual and literary movement that emphasized things that transcended (rise above) the limits of reason; emphasized intuition; celebrated nature; disdained conformity; feared industrialism and materialism

Ralph Waldo Emerson

transcendentalist writer; believed that all people were equal, that they were part of one great spiritual mind, the Over-Soul; he claimed that men must follow their own consciences

Henry David Thoreau

transcendentalist writer who emphasized simplicity; wrote Walden, “Civil Disobedience”

"American System"

Henry Clay proposed this plan in 1824; recommended internal improvements, a national bank and high tariffs to unite the country economically

John C. Calhoun

Congressmen for South Carolina; Secretary of War under Monroe; presidential candidate in 1823; VP under J.Q. Adams; VP under Jackson; resigned as VP and became a senator for
South Carolina in 1832; strong states rights advocate

Webster-Hayne Debate

(1830) debate between Robert Hayne of South Carolina and Daniel Webster of Massachusetts over the nature of the Constitution

Ordinance of Nullification

Nullification (1832) - South Carolina declared the tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void

Nullification Proclamation

(1832) - President Jackson’s reply to the South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification; Jackson called nullification an
“impractical absurdity,” and asserted the supremacy
of the federal government; John Calhoun resigned as
VP in protest

Force Bill

(1833) - bill passed by Congress at Jackson’s request that authorized the use of military force if necessary in order to enforce the revenue laws

Worcester v. Georgia

Supreme Court decision that declared that the state of Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee Nation; Georgia defied the court decision and was supported by Jackson

Trail of Tears

removal journey of the Cherokees to Indian Territory (Oklahoma) in which over 4,000 died

bank war

campaign by President Jackson in 1833 to destroy the Second Bank of the United States

Anti-Masonic Party

third party in the election of 1832; had three important “firsts:” (a) the first third party (b) the first political party to hold a national nominating convention (c) first political party to
announce a platform

Whigs

new political party in 1830s; approved of broad federal powers; advocated the American System; moralistic; supported reforms; built on Federalist tradition (Hamilton)

Democrats

political party formed under Jackson; emphasized states’ rights and local control; opposed monopoly and privilege; built on Republican tradition (Jefferson)

Romantic perfectionism

belief that through perseverance and human will, society can achieve the best possible condition

Utopian communities

communities created to perfect American society; they challenged traditional norms of American society; Oneida, the Shakers and Brook Farm are examples

Mormons

formally, The Church of Jesus Christ of
Latter Day Saints; founded by Joseph Smith, Jr. in
1830; he led his followers from New York to Illinois; he
was murdered in 1844

Brigham Young

replaced Smith as Mormon leader and led them to Salt Lake, their permanent home

American Temperance Society

founded in1826, advocated abstention from alcohol; by 1836, there were over 8,000 local groups and more than 1.5 million members

Dorethea Lynde Dix

leader of the mental asylum reform movement

National Trades Union

founded in 1834, this was the first attempt at a national labor organization

Commonwealth v. Hunt

(1842) - court decision in favor of organized labor; the Massachusetts Supreme Court ruled that a trade union itself was not illegal

Nat Turner

led a slave insurrection in 1831 in Virginia; 55 whites were killed before it was suppressed

William Lloyd Garrison

prominent abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer; editor of the leading anti-slavery newspaper, The Liberator

American Anti-Slavery Society

formed by Arthur and Lewis Tappan in 1833 with help of Garrison; advocated immediate emancipation and equality for
blacks

American Colonization Society

founded in 1816, attempted to encourage American blacks to go back to Africa, to a newly colonized area, later to become
the country of Liberia; was not widely supported

Frederick Douglass

escaped from slavery and became an abolitionist, social reformer, orator, writer, and statesman; published abolitionist newspaper for blacks, The North Star

Sarah and Angelina Grimke

daughters of southern slave-owner who became prominent abolitionists and women’s rights advocates; their activity caused a rift in the abolitionist movement

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) - conference called by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton to discuss “the social, civil, and religious condition and "rights of women”

Declaration of Sentiments

document issued at Seneca Falls which declared “all men and women are created equal” and called for equal opportunities in education and work