Botany Lec - Module 1: Branches of Botany and Early Contributions

PLANT ANATOMY

study of the internal structure of plants (cells and tissues).   

PLANT MORPHOLOGY

study of the physical form and external structures of plants

PHILIPPUS AUREOLUS THEOPRASTUS BOMBASTUS VON HOHENHEIM

father of botany; he studied plant morphology, classification and the natural history of plants; published De historia plantarum and de causis plantarum

DE HISTORIA PLANTARUM

Medical use; describes the anatomy of plants and classifies them into structures

DE CAUSIS PLANTARUM

economical use; propagation and growth of plants that provided guide to farmers and gardeners

ROBERT HOOKE

published micrographia; discovered cells in living plant tissue from a cork

MICROGRAPHIA

Showed studies of minute object through a microscope

MARCELLO MARPIGHI

Made the malpighian tubule system which gave names to anatomy of plants and insects

NEHEMIAH GREW

father of plant anatomy; published the Anatomy of vegetables

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY

Study of plant functions

JOSEPH PRIESTLY

Discovered that plants release oxygen; Bell Jar Experiment

PLANT TAXONOMY

Study that identifies, describes, names, and classifies plants

DOMAIN, KINGDOM, PHYLUM, CLASS, ORDER, FAMILY, GENUS, SPECIES

Order of taxonomic classification (DKPCOFGS)

PLANT SYSTEMATICS

science of developing methods for grouping organism

CAROLUS LINNEAUS

Father of plant taxonomy; publishes Systema Naturae; the science of developing methods for grouping organism

PLANT ECOLOGY

study of the interaction of plants with one another and their environment

ERNST HAECKEL

Coined the word ecology

ETHNOBOTANY

the study of the traditional knowledge and customs of a people concerning plants and their medicinal, religious, and other uses

JOHN W. HARSHBERGER

Coined the word ethnobotany

PEDANIUS DIOSCORIDES

Author of De Materia Medica

AROMANTIC

Header of De Materia Medica about aromatics

CULINARY

Header of De Materia Medica about enhancing flavors

MEDICINAL

Header of De Materia Medica about therapeutic uses

SHEN NONG

Father of chinese culture aka the divine farmer; taught his people how to cultivate grain

HUANG DI

Founder of chinese civilization aka Yellow emperor

LOUIS LEWIN

first to study psychoactive plants systematically; published Phantastica

INEBRIANTIA

Inebriants such as alcohol;

EXITANTIA

stimulants such as Khat or Amphetamine

EUPHORICA

Euphoriants and Narcotics such as Heroin

HYPNOTICA

Tranquilizers such as Kava

PHANTASIA

Hallucinogens or Entheogens such as Peyote or Ayahuasca

PLANT GEOGRAPHY

study of the geographic distribution of plant species and their influence on the earth’s surface

ALEXANDER VON HUMBOLDT

Father of phytogeography

GENETICS

Study of hereditary

GENOMICS

study of genes and their functions; and related techniques

GREGOR JOHANN MENDEL

founder of genetics

CHARLES DARWIN

Proposed the theory of biological evolution by Natural Selection

BIOMES

Terrestrial biotic communities considered on a global or at least on a continental scale

DESERT

Very dry and often hot; lots of direct sunlight on the plants

DESERT

Soil is often sandy or rocky and unable to hold much water.

DESERT

Plants are exposed to extreme temperatures and drought conditions.

DESERT

Plants must cope with extensive water loss.

SUCCULENTS

are plants with parts that are thickened, fleshy, and engorged, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions; plants often found in Desserts

DESERT PLANTS

are plants with parts that are thickened, fleshy, and engorged, usually to retain water in arid climates or soil conditions

DESERT PLANTS

Some plants have a short life cycle, germinating in response to rain, growing, flowering, and dying within one year.

LEACHING

wash out minerals and organic nutrients from the soil

TEMPERATE GRASSLAND

aka Prairie; feature with hot summers and cold winters.

TEMPERATE GRASSLAND

The soil is extremely rich in organic material because the above-ground portions of grasses die off annually, enriching the soil.

TEMPERATE GRASSLAND

The area is well-suited to agriculture, and few original prairies survive today.

TEMPERATE GRASSLAND PLANTS

Extensive root systems which prevent animals from pulling them

TEMPERATE GRASSLAND PLANTS

have narrow leaves to lose less water

TEMPERATE GRASSLAND PLANTS

wind pollinated; Soft stems – bend

TROPICAL RAINFOREST

hot and it rains a lot; Abundance of rain; Risk of flooding. Soil erosion and rapid lost of nutrients from the soil

TROPICAL RAINFOREST

is very thick, and not much sunlight is able to penetrate to the forest floor

TROPICAL RAINFOREST PLANTS

Plants have shallow roots; Drip tips and waxy surfaces

EPIPHYTE

plants that live in other plants without being parasitic

TEMPERATE RAINFOREST

The temperate rain forest features minimal seasonal fluctuation of temperature: the winters are mild and the summers cool.; Condensation from coastal fogs also add to the dampness.

NURSE LOG

fallen tree which, as it decays, provides ecological facilitation to seedlings

TEMPERATE RAINFOREST PLANTS

seedlings grow on "nurse logs" to take advantage of the nutrients from the decomposing fallen logs.

TEMPERATE RAINFOREST PLANTS

Trees can grow very tall due to amount of precipitation.

TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST

temperature varies from hot in the summer to below freezing in the winter; Rain is plentiful; Made up of layers of plants;

CANOPY

Tallest trees makes up the forest ______

UNDERSTORY

Layer beneath the canopy

SHRUB LAYER

3rd layer after the understory

CARPET

aka herb layer; layer on the ground

TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST

Most _______ trees have thin, broad, lightweight leaves; Trees have thick bark to protect against cold winters

TAIGA BIOME

aka Boreal forest; the taiga is dominated by conifers and, most of which are evergreen; has cold winters and warm summers

TAIGA BIOME PLANTS

Waxy coating on needles prevent evaporation; Many trees have needle-like leaves which shape loses less water and sheds snow more easily than broad leaves; Needles are dark in color allowing more solar heat to be absorbed

TAIGA BIOME PLANTS

Many trees have branches that droop downward to help shed excess snow to keep the branches from breaking

TUNDRA BIOME

cold year-round; it has short cool summers and long, severe winters; has a permanently frozen sublayer of soil called permafrost

TUNDRA BIOME

receives little precipitation, and is usually in the form of snow or ice

PERMAFROST

permanently frozen sublayer of soil

TUNDRA BIOME PLANTS

small (usually less than 12 inches tall) and low-growing due to lack of nutrients; Plants are dark in color; Some plants grow in clumps or some plants have dish-like flowers that follow the sun

WATER PLANTS

some plants have air spaces in their stems; absorb water, nutrients, and dissolved gases through the leaves directly from the water.

WATER PLANTS

Roots and root hairs reduced or absent; Some plants have leaves that float atop the water

WATER PLANTS

Some plants produce seeds that can float