AP Euro Vocab 1.4-1.5

Gutenberg Bible

Completed in 1456, one of the first known examples of a book produced from movable type.

Gutenberg, Johannes

A German printer who devised a usable form of the new printing process between 1445 and 1450.

Luther, Martin

A German monk (1483-1546) who called for religious reform and emphasized the Bible as the main source of religious truth.

Movable type

Revolutionary printing technology using individual metal letters to create entire pages of text, which could be reused.

Printing press

The European version using movable type, first used in 1455.

Vernacular

The everyday language of a region.

Vernacular literature

Literature written in the everyday language of a particular region, becoming more common in the 16th century.

Agricultural commodities

Goods produced on farms for sale, including animals, fruit, vegetables, and grain products.

Absolute sovereignty

Rulers of a sovereign state maintain peace by issuing laws and dictating religion, regardless of the people's consent.

Act of Supremacy

A law passed in November 1534 making the king of England the head of the Church of England.

Bodin, Jean

A French philosopher (1530-1596) who spread the idea of Absolute Sovereignty and advocated for patriarchal society and religious tolerance.

Centralized power

Power held by a small group or a single individual.

Concordat of Bologna

A 1516 agreement that permitted the pope to collect income from the Catholic Church in France and increased the power of the French king.

Conversos

Jews and Muslims forced to convert to Christianity during the Spanish Inquisition of the 15th century.

Decentralized power

Power spread among many groups and individuals.

Diet of Augsburg

A 1530 meeting to settle differences between Protestants and Catholics within the Holy Roman Empire.

Edict of Nantes

A 1598 agreement that granted French Huguenots more rights and did not treat them as heretics.

Elizabeth I

Queen of England from 1558-1603, following the reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I.

Gentry

Wealthy landowners in England who did not have inherited titles.

Grotius, Hugo

A Dutch philosopher (1583-1645) who laid the foundation for international law and argued for innate human rights.

Guilds

Merchant groups that wielded political power.

Henry VIII

King of England who broke with the pope over his desire for a male heir and the need to divorce Katherine of Aragon.

Huguenots

French Calvinist Protestants.

Inquisition

A tool used by King Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to root out heresy and consolidate power.

King Ferdinand

15th-century king of Spain who began the process of unifying and consolidating power in Spain.

Mary Tudor

The only surviving child of Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon, known as "Bloody Mary" for her persecution of Anglican priests.

Marranos

Jews or Muslims who were said to have converted to Christianity but secretly practiced Judaism in Spain.

Modern state

A state characterized by centralized control by monarchs and established bureaucracies.

Natural law

The idea that humans are born with certain innate rights and should be governed by rational laws.

New monarchies

Early modern states featuring greater royal control and centralization.

Nobles of the robe

Members of the French nobility who gained power by holding political office.

Peace of Augsburg

A 1555 agreement allowing German princes to choose whether their area would be Lutheran or Catholic.

Queen Isabella

15th-century Queen of Castille who married Ferdinand of Aragon to consolidate power.

Schmalkaldic League

A defensive response by Protestants to Charles V's demand to return to Catholicism after the Diet of Augsburg.

Star Chamber

An English law court created in the late 15th century, run by advisors to the monarch and judges.