Gutenberg Bible	completed in 1456 - one of the first known examples of a book produced from movable type
Gutenberg, Johannes	A German printer who first devised a usable form of the new printing process between 1445 and 1450
Luther, Martin	1483-1546 German monk who called for religious reform. Emphasized the Bible as the main source of religious truth. People should be able to read and interpret the Bible for themselves without aid of priests
movable type	revolutionary printing technology using individual metal letters to create entire pages of text. The type could then be disassembled and reused.
printing press	European version using movable type first used in 1455
Vernacular	the everyday language of a region
vernacular literature	Literature written in the everyday language of a particular region becomes more common in the 16th C
agricultural commodities	goods produced on farms for sale; animals, fruit, vegetable, and grain products
absolute sovereignty	rulers of the sovereign state, operating by the doctrine of the divine right of kings, maintain peace by issuing laws and dictating religion, regardless of the people's consent
Act of Supremacy	Nov 1534, law passed by English Parliament making the king of England the head of the Church of England. England no longer Catholic
Bodin, Jean	1530-1596 French philosopher spread the idea of Absolute Sovereignty and divine rule theory. Advocated for patriarchal society and religious tolerance
centralized power	power that is held by a small group or a single individual
Concordat of Bologna	1516 permitted the pope to collect all the income that the Catholic Church made in France. The agreement also increased the power of the French king and gave him more authority over the appointing of French Catholic leaders
conversos	Jews and Muslims forced to convert to Christianity during the Spanish Inquisition of the 15th century
decentralized power	power that is spread among many groups and individuals
Diet of Augsburg	1530 meeting to attempt to settle differences between Protestants and Catholics within the Holy Roman Empire under Charles V. Protestants given a deadline to return to Catholicism
Edict of Nantes	1598 agreement that gave French Huguenots (Calvinists) more rights by not treating them as heretics
Elizabeth I	Reigns in England from 1558-1603, after deaths of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary I (Bloody Mary)
gentry	wealthy landowners who did not have inherited titles
Grotius, Hugo	1583-1645 Dutch philosopher Humans are born with certain innate rights, leaders should govern based on rational laws or ethical principles. Laid foundation for international law and diplo
Guilds	Merchant groups: wield political power
Henry VIII	King of England who breaks with the pope over his desire for a male heir and the need to divorce Katherine of Aragon to marry a younger woman
Huguenots	French Calvinist Protestants
Inquisition	Used by King Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain to "root out heresy" and as a tool to consolidate and centralize power. Targeted wealthy and prosperous Jews and Muslims
King Ferdinand	15th Century king of Spain who began process of unifying and consolidating power in Spain
Mary Tudor	Only child of Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon to survive to adulthood. Second to reign (1553-1558) after death of brother. Tries to make England Catholic again. Nicknamed "Bloody Mary" for her persecution of Anglican priests
marranos	Jews or Muslims who were said to have converted to Christianity but secretly continued to practice Judaism in Spain in the 15th centuries before their expulsion in 1492
modern state	second state after emergence of new monarchies. Centralized control by monarchs: establish bureaucracies to run the state
natural law	Humans are born with certain innated rights. Leaders should govern by rational laws or ethical principles based in reason
new monarchies	early modern period. feature greater royal control and centralization
nobles of the robe	members of the nobility in France who gained power by holding political office - carried out duties wearing robes
Peace of Augsburg	1555 agreement to allow German princes in Holy Roman Empire to choose whether their area would be Lutheran or Catholic
Queen Isabella	15th C Queen of Castille, married Ferdinand of Aragon to consolidate power in the Iberian peninsula
Schmalkaldic League	Defensive response to demand by Charles V that Protestants return to Catholicism after the Diet of Augsburg
Star Chamber	English law court created in the late 15th C run by advisors to the monarch and judges. Became increasingly powerful and subject to political influence.

AP Euro Vocab 1.4-1.5