Psychology - Unit 3

Case Studies

Phineas Gage : tamping iron through the brain, didn’t die which resulted in him having no social filter/impulse control

Lesioning

intentional studies with animals checking for behavioral changes

Case Studies

Phineas Gage : tamping iron through the brain, didn’t die which resulted in him having no social filter/impulse control

Lesioning

intentional studies with animals checking for behavioral changes

Stimulation

using electrodes to ‘stimulate’ neurons

Imaging (scans)

pictures of the brain to show brain activity and locations (i.e FMRI)

EEG

measures electrical activity in the brain mostly used for sleep studies

Brain Plasticity

ability of the brain to rewire itself at any age in response to certain experiences or brain damage

Endocrine System

connects and directs the nervous system and endocrine

Hypothalamus

regulates all our different hormones

Pituitary Gland

makes sure the jobs are carried out

Hormones

make it all happen

Oxytocin

love hormone promoting pair bonding

Melatonin

promotes sleep time

Adrenaline

promotes stress response

Ghrelin

promotes hunger

Leptin

promotes satiety/fullness

Behavioral Perspective

experience and environment over everything

Classical Conditioning

focuses on the association of one stimulus with another to elicit a response

What is the RESPONSE?

UR and CR

What stimulus is CAUSING it FIRST?

US

What is being pared with the US?

NS/CS

Extinction

unlearning the association between a US and a CS

Spontaneous Recovery

after extinction has occurred, random presentation of a former CS can elicit a CR

Generalization

when 2 stimulus are alike enough tot elicit the same response

Discrimination

ability to distinguish between stimuli

High Order Conditioning

an organism learns to associate an NS without a CS

Habituation

diminished responsiveness after repeated exposure

Taste Aversion

learned avoidance of a certain food due to the displeasure or unpleasant taste of it

One Trial Learning

only takes once to learn and doesn’t get stronger with repeated trials

Biological Preparedness

predisposed to learn associations between a certain stimuli and responses due to the evolution (i.e phobias)

Exposure Therapy

facing your fears

Counter Conditioning

introducing a positive stimulus before a fearful stimulus

Operant Conditioning

learning from the results of our actions

Positive Reinforcement

Adding an appetitive ; adding a wanted reward

Negative Reinforcement

Taking away an appetitive ; taking away a wanted reward

Positive Punishment

Adding a adverse ; adding something unwanted

Negative Punishment

Taking away an adverse ; taking an unwanted away

Primary Reinforcer

something innately satisfying (i.e food, water, sleep, etc.)

Secondary Reinforcer

a “learned” value (i.e money, praise, grades, etc.)

Fixed Ratio

the subjects knows how many times they need to do the behavior to get reinforced

Variable Ratio

the subject does not know how many times they must do the behavior to get reinforced

Fixed Interval

the subjects knows how long they must do something to be reinforced

Variable Interval

the subject doesn’t know how long to do the behavior before we get reinforced

Social Learning

learning through watching others experience

Bobo Doll Experiment

kids copy those who model aggressive behavior or nice behavior