Rabens Skyscrapers Test 1 10/8

Skeleton Frame

support curtain wall structure

Load Bearing

structure starting from bottom up, prior to skeleton framing

Functions of Skyscrapers

Weisman said office buildings

Skyscraper quote

a building of great heigh constructed with a frame of a steel skeleton with electric elevators

Elevator Buildings

not skyscrapers, have elevators

Proto-Skyscrapers

do not have a complete skeleton frame, aren’t fully developed

Skyscraper

skeleton framing, elevator, multiple occupied levels

First Skyscraper?

Home Insurance Building Chicago, IL OR Tacoma Building Chicago, IL

Building Organization pre-elevator

Bottom: shops

Half: Mezzanine

Second: wealthy people floor

Top: Maids

Why did the wealthy occupy the 2nd floor?

shortest climb

Inventor of Elevator

Elisha Graves Otis, 1854

Steam Engine Powered

Patent of Elevator

1861

Elevator Evolution

Steam to Hydraulic, 1880

Steam Elevator Problems

freezing if not completely enclosed

Electric Elevator problems

human operator needed inside, caused human error inaccuracies

Automatic Elevators

1900, not used until 1940s due to lack of trust

What triggered use of Automatic Elevators?

1945 NYC elevator operator strike

First skyscraper Patent

Leroy Buffington (1847-1931)

Application: Nov. 14, 1887

Granted: May 22, 1888

Cloud Scraper

28-story building

Leroy Buffington

Leroy Buffington

claimed to invent skeleton framing, tried to collect royalties from architects who build skyscrapers

Viollet Le Duc (1814-1879)

Wrote conversations on architecture

Viollet Le Duc restorations

Notre Dame and St. Sernin (unrestored)

What was special about Le Duc being appointed “Director of Ecoli Bussy”?

he was not accepted to the school as a student because he wasn’t an actual architect

Viollet Le Duc style

medieval

Covered Market

Le Duc

Diagonal columns

staffage

Staffage

putting (medieval) people into drawings

Hector Guimard

ecole du sacre coeur (school) Paris, France

inspired by Le Duc

Keystone of Art Nuevo Style

Hector Guimard

Concert Hall

Viollet Le Duc

PROJECT from Entrients Sur I Architecture

use of iron (light, strong, elastic)

Concert Hall Style

combination medieval with proposals of new architecture, not structurally sound

Zeitgeist

architecture of the time

Viollet Le Duc Medieval thoughts

supremely rational, no decorative effect

Viollet Le Duc skeleton framing

frame should be made of iron and incased in stone

shell of masonry only as an envelope

first definition of skeleton framing

Cast Iron

iron melted and poured into molds and allowed to solidify

Wrought Iron

iron that is heated and worked with tools

Puddling

wrought iron process patented by Henry Cort 1784

Cast Iron cons

can’t puddle, too brittle, can’t be put in tension (compared to wrought)

Vertical Element

compression, cast iron can work

Steel

Henry Bassener

Patent 1856

Cast Iron Fronts location

New York and Manhattan

Cast Iron Fronts Popularity

cheaper than stone and brick but can be molded to look like it

(can be molded to look like whatever they wanted)

Cast Iron Front Cons

melts from fires easily, needs to be covered

Great Fire of 1871

Chicago

buildings melted (Cast Iron Fronts)

Cast Iron Front MVP

James Bogardus

Laing Stores, NY, 1849

James Bogardus

Inventor, watchmaker, first to build his own fabricating factory

Cass Gilbert

the machine that which the land pays

Why was most skeleton framing done in Chicago?

New York had stricter building codes

Skeleton Frame Construction

metal frame: light, takes up less room, cost efficient

What architectural component must be paired with skeleton framing?

Curtain walls

What order are skeleton frames built?

Top to bottom (prevent facade damage)

Who painted the tower of babel?

Pieter Brueghel

Where is the Tower of Babel set?

The (spanish) Netherlands

Who painted the spiraled athanasius kircher Tower of Babel

Lieven Cruyl

Eiffel Tower

Gustave Eiffel, World Fair 1889

How tall is the Eiffel tower?

984 ft

Eiffel Tower misc.

supposed to be temporary for world’s fair of 1889

hydraulic elevators don’t work in the winter

St. Peter’s cathedral

Rome, Italy

dome designed by Michelangelo

What is the tallest building in Rome?

St. Peters Cathedral

Sears Tower

Chicago, IL
1970-1974

Bruce Graham

How tall was the Sears Tower

110 stories, 1451 ft

Where did the CTBUH used to be?

Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology

Mies Van Der Rohe

When was the CTBUH founded?

1969, Lynn Beedle

What does CTBUH stand for?

Council on Tall Buildings and Urban HabitatH

How does the CTBUH measure buildings?

• Architectural height

• Heigh to highest occupied floor

• height to tip

• height to top of roof

Monroe Building

Holabird and Roche

Chicago

1910-1912

Burj Khalifa (burj dubai)

2717 ft

160 stories

Burj Khalifa inspiration theory

Frank Lloyd Wright mile high skyscraper with 528 stores

Burj Khal Inspiration Actual

Lake Point Tower, Chicago

Neo-Classicism (greek revival)

Altes Musem (old)

Altes Museum (old)

Karl Friedrich Schinkel

Berlin, Germany

1822-1828

Gothic Revival

Houses of Parliament

Houses of Parliament

Barry and Pugin

London, England

1836-1860

Beaux- arts classicism

Second empire style

Paris opera house

Paris Opera House

Charles Garnier

Paris, France

1862-1875

Iron and Glass Architecture

Crystal Palace

Crystal Palace

Joseph Paxton

London, England

1850-1851

Eclecticism

multiple competing architecture styles

The Architects Dream

Thomas Cole

Eclecticism

Who commissioned the architects dream?

Ithel town, but sent it back

What architecture does the Architects Dream have?

Greek, Roman, Egyptian

What part of the Architects Dream is greek?

Temples

What part of the Architects Dream is Roman?

Arches

What part of the Architects Dream is Egypitan?

Obelisks

Who said “do not follow the bad practice of modern (gothic) architecture… cursed be he who invented it?”

Filarete

What does “sinister” in latin mean?

left (symbolic of fact that painting is not in favor of modern architecture)

What does “dexter” mean in latin?

right

What painting was The Architects Dream inspired by?

“the Embarkation of St. Ursula” 1641 Claude Lorrain

Altes Museum Columns

free standing, round

Second Bank of United States

William Strickland

Philadelphia

1818-1824

similar to Altes Museum

Second Bank of United States columns

front and back

based on parthenon

Why was the Houses of Parliament designed?

competition to find replacement for Westminster

What was the criteria for the Houses of Parliament design?

has to either be gothic or elizabethan

What is the national style of England?

Gothic

Trinity Church

Richard Upjohn

New York, New York

1839-1846

based closely on designs of gothic revival churches

Where was the “place to be” in a city?

the center (downtown)

Banlieue

sensitive urban zones

Robert Fogelston

wrote about downtown history

New York City (new amsterdam)

walking city

La Defanse (paris)

area where you can build tall buildings

5 downtowns of New York City

1. Manhattan

2. Brooklyn

3. Queens

4. Bronx

5. Staten Island