APUSH - Unit 7

Imperialism Debates Arguments - Economic; Political; Cultural

FOR Imperialism

a) Economic [2]:
- Need for raw materials
- Need for markets for goods and agricultural products

b) Political [1]:
- US had to compete with European empires
- Especially for navy

c) Cultural [2]:
- Social Darwinists beliefs (certain nations are more fit and therefore are destined to dominate other countries.
- Desire to spread Christianity.

Arguments AGAINST Imperialism

a) Economic [1]:
- Too expensive}}

b) Political [1]:
- Belief in self-determination and letting people govern themselves.
- History of Isolationism (Washington farewell address)
- US had done in getting independence from Britain}}

c) Cultural [1]:
- Rejection of Social Darwinism and other racial theories

Spanish American War - Causes (2)

1) Spanish involvement in Cuba (2)
- Sugar
- Yellow Journalism (Exaggerated accounts of Spanish atrocities in Cuba (angered Americans)

2) Sinking of USS Maine by Spanish

Yellow Journalism

Over exaggerated accounts or news reporting of atrocities in Cuba

- angered Americans

Spanish American War - Results (2)

1) US acquires island territories in Pacific and Caribbean

2) More involvement in Asia + Latin America

Teller Amendment

1898

Agreement to let Cubans run government once Spanish was overthrown

Spheres of Influence

Areas in which a country has political or economic control but does not govern directly.

European countries (and Japan) in China.

Open door policy

Policy where everyone has equal access to trade or investment in China.

- Increase in US involvement in China.
- Part of Taft philosophy "dollar diplomacy"

Dollar Diplomacy

US business brings jobs and opportunities to foreign countries and profit to US as well.

- And good will (strengthened relationships)

Gentleman Agreement

Between Japan and US.

US: End segregated schools for Japanese in California.
Japan: Restrictions on Japanese immigration to US.

Great White Fleet

Tour of US navy battleships.

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine

US has responsibility to intervene in Latin America to ensure stability and order.

Big Stick Diplomacy

Using big army as a deterent.

Platt Amendment ({{c1::1901}})

Allowed US to intervene in Cuban affairs to "preserve its independence" (protecting Cuba from foreign nations)

Expeditionary Force

Force to capture Guerilla Leader and ensure stability of government.

Muckraker (3)

Journalist who covered topics like corruption and poor living conditions.

1) Ida Tarbell
- Exposed corrupt practices of standard oil

2) Jacob Riis
- Exposed terrible living conditions in Big US cities

3) Upton Sinclair
- Exposed conditions of meat packing factories.

Ida Tarbell

Exposed corruption in standard oil companies

Jacob Riis

Covered poor living conditions of big US cities

Upton Sinclair

Covered the terrible conditions of meatpacking industry

Level of Reform - Cities (1)

1) Transfer of utilities to municipal government
2) Election of city departements.

Level of Reform - States (2)

1) Child labor laws
- 2/3rd of states passed laws that limited child labor
- Required school attendance

2) Protecting women against working long hours
- Especially after the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire (1911)

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

1911

Fire which helped in the advocation for protecting women against working long hours.

National Reform (6)

1) Square Deal
- Making decisions with both big business and common people in mind (labor) [Before just big business)

2) Trust busting
- Cracking down on monopolies that reduce competition and raise prices
- Keeping good monopolies

3) Elkins Act (1903)
- Strengthened interstate commerce act + punishes railroad companies that give favorable rates to certain customers.
- Interstate commerce act = reasonable rates for railroads

4) Pure food and Drug Act
- Ensures proper labeling of food and drugs.

5) US Forest Service established

6) 16th Amendment
- US government can collect income tax.

Square Deal

Making decisions with both big businesses and common people in mind.

[Prior just big businesses] Roosevelt's program.

Trust Busting

Break monopolies that reduce competition and raise prices.

- Keeping "good" monopolies."

Elkins Act

1903

Strengthened interstate commerce act (charging reasonable rates for railroads)

- Punishes railroad companies that give favorable rates to certain customers

- Note: deemed unconstitutional

- Shows how big companies controlled the government at the time.

Pure food and Drug act

Ensures proper labeling of food and drugs

16th Amendment

US government can collect income tax

New Freedom

Platform which aims to limit business and big government.

National Reform efforts - Wilson (4)

Targeted big business and big government

- 1) 17th Amendment (1913)
Direct Election of US Senator

- 2) Underwood Tariff (1913)
Greatly lowered US tariffs (limited government)

- 3) Federal Reserve Act (1914)
Creating of independent banking system that manages money supply. Instead of putting it in hands of elected government.

- 4) National Park Service (1916)

17th Amendment

1913

Direct election of US senator Key: Helped greatly lower power of big businesses and government.

Underwood Tariff

1913

Greatly lowered US tariffs Key: limited government (they liked tariffs)

Federal Reserve Act

1914

Creation of independent banking system separate from government.

- Instead of putting it in hands of elected government.

National Association for the Advancement of the Colored People (NAACP)

1909

Main objective: abolish segregation and get equal rights for African Americans

19th Amendment

1920

Women get right to vote.

Carrie Chapman Catt.

1917 - Reasons for US Entering WWI (4)

First: tried to keep historic policy of being neutral in European affairs

1) German unrestricted submarine warfare.
- Sinking of US ships around Europe
- USS Lusitania (1915)

2) Historic relationships with Britain and France

3) Russian Revolution
- Wilson wanted to fight with right humanitarian and democratic principles. Right morals.

4) Zimmerman Telegraph
- German offer to Mexico to help them recover lost territory if they helped in WWI

Fourteen Points

1918

- Cease fire During peace talk, Wilson pushes for fourteen point.

Including: Freedom of seas; self-determination for ethnic groups, etc...

Treaty of Versailles (4)

1919

1) Colonies from Germany in Africa and Asia were taken

2) Germany had to accept guilt for war and had to pay reparations to France and Britain

3) Many independent states created throughout Europe

4) League of Nations created

Liberty Bonds

Government sold these bonds to people to help government pay for war.

Post WWI - Changes to Migrant + Settlement (2)

1) Limits place on immigration from southern and eastern Europe and Middle East were fighting with Central Powers

2) Continued rural to urban migration of war production efforts in factories

3) Beginning of "Great Migration" of Africans from South to North/West to escape Jim Crow and other discriminatory laws + find work.
- Still continued to encounter discrimination
- Including Race Riots"

Schenck vs. United States

Ruled that free speech could be limited if it represented "clear and present danger"

Red Scare

End of WWI/After WWI
- People began to fear possibility of Communism in the US.
- Led to arrests and deportation.

Roarings 20s + Causes

1920s a time of great economic success in the Us.

-Causes:

- Improve methods of mass production.
- Henry Ford assembly line
- Additional options for energy
- More use of oil over coal to power factories.
- Advancements in transportation (automobile)

Key: Growth in "consumer culture" in US.
- Household appliances."

1920s National Culture (2)

1) Radio
- First method of mass news broadcasting

2) Cinema
- Gave Americans access to music and film wherever they lived.
- Result: increase spread of American National Culture.

Modernism

Attempted to merge science, including Darwin's theory of evolution and religion, including teaching in the bible.

Fundamentals (religion)

strict interpretation of the bible

Scopes trial

1925 - John Scopes put on trial for teaching Darwin's Theory.

18th Amendment

1919

- Prohibition passed after decades of debates.

21st Amendment

1933

Allowing alcohol again

Immigration Act of 1924

Set annual limits on immigration to 2% of the US's foreign born population.

Key: effectively ended immigration from Asia until 1980s.

Lost Generations

Literature during 1920s surrounding horros of WWI

Harlem Renaissance

Growing of African American culture, including Art & Literature + music in Harlem, NYC.

Poetry - Langston Hughes
Jazz - Duke Ellington

Great Depression

1929-1933

Period of economic downturn/fall.
- Included GNI + GDP drop, bank closures, unemployment. Started due to collapse of stock in October 1929.

Causes of Great Depression (6)

1) Uneven distribution of income
- Fewer people to buy products from companies = companies lose money = lay off workers = unemployment.

2) Failure to repay bank loans
- People took out loans from Banks, didn't pay them back.

3) Buying on margin
- People took out loans to buy stock, assuming stock would go up.
- When it didn't, couldn't repay loans,

4) Tight supply of money
- Limited amount of money
- People also panicked and withdrew from banks

5) Problems in Europe
- German unable to repay war debts (economic problems in Britain and France)

6) Agricultural overproduction
- High yield of agricultural products , low prices for farmers.

Smoot-Hawley Tarriff

1930

Highest tariff rates in history
- Revenge tariffs from Europe and further economic collapse

Federal Farm Board

Helped surplus agricultural produce to raise prices.
- Not very effective

Bonus Army

WWI veterans march to Washington DC to demand for bonuses for fighting in WWI.

New Deal

FDR
- Economic programs and changes to the economy designed to bring US out of great depression.

Focused on "3Rs"
- Reform
- For economic institutions

- Relief
- For unemployment and poor

- Recovery
- For entire economy, including businesses

3 R's

- Relief = For unemployment

- Recovery = For entire economy, including businesses

- Reform = For Economic institutions

First New Deal - Relief Programs (2)

1) Public Works Administration (PWA)
- Big Infrastructure program to hire people to build roads, bridges, damns, hospitals, and schools.

2) Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
- Program for young men to work manual labor on environmental projects

First New Deal - Recovery (1)

1) National Recovery Administration

- Agency that brought businesses and labor together to determine both prices that would yield profit and fair workers for workers.

First New Deal - Reform

1) Glass-Stegall Act
- Limited how banks could invest deposits by consumers
- Separated banks into 2 types

a) Banks
- Deposit would be kept in the bank, not given out

b) Investment Banks
- Invest your money.

2) Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)
- Regulate Wall Street and look out for "insider trading"

3) Federal Housing Administration
- Provides loans for lower income families to purchase homes
- Provides insurance for both the banks and individuals taking out loans from banks.

Public Works Administration (PWA)

- Big infrastructure program to hire people to build roads, bridges, dams, hospitals, and schools. Provided jobs immediately.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

Program for young men to work manual labor on environmental projects.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Middle ground between Businesses and workers.

Agency that brought both of these people together to determine both prices that would yield high profit and fair wages for workers.

Glass-Stegal Act

Separated banks into 2 categories

1) Banks - keep your money in bank, not given out
2) Investment Banks - Invest your money

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

- Regulate wall street and trade
- Cracked down on "insider trading"

Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

Provided low interest loans for low income families to be able to purchase homes.

Second New Deal - Relief (1)

1) Works Progress Administration Same as PWA but larger.

Second New Deal - Recovery (1)

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
- Replaced the NRA
- Guaranteed worker's rights to join unions, engage in collective bargaining, and go on strike.

Second New Deal - Reform (1)

1) Social Security Act

Program to collect percentage of worker's paychecks to ensure retired people don't die from being poor.

Works Progress Administration

Same as WPA but larger, provided infrastructure jobs for many people.

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

Replaced the NRA, guaranteed rights for laborers to join unions, engage in collective bargaining and go on strike.

Fair Labor Standards Act

Set minimum wage and 40h workweek

Dust Bowls

One of the reasons farmers countinued to struggle during Great Depression Drought in much of Great Plains

New Deal Legacies (2)

1) Idea that government should get more involved in economy, especially when times are challenging.

2) Cements new Democratic supporters (immigrants, urban working-class and African Americans)

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

Attempted to reverse policy of forced assimilation

Returned some former land to control of tribes.

Isolationism

Not getting involved in foreign affairs

Unilateralism

Making foreign policy decisions without consulting/involving others.

Washington Conference (1921)

- Conference to discuss limiting sizes of Navies

- Agreement amongst 5 biggest navies: Italy, France, Japan, US, Germany to limit navies.

- Called Five-Power Treaty.

Five-Power Treaty

5 biggest navies: Japan, US, France, Italy, Germany limited sizes

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Agreement amongst many countries to not use war to settle disputes.

- Allowed for "defensive" wars

Dawes Plan

Plan to help Germany pay retributions to Britain and France - Money from US to Germany

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR: no intervention and interference in Latin America Nullifying the Platt Amendment

Fascism

System of government that combined nationalism and militarism

Militarism = aggressive demonstration of power and force.

America First Committee (AFC)

Group that opposed any US involvement in Europe, and WWII

Cash and Carry

Countries could purchase US arms if they used their own ships and paid in cash

- A way to get weapons to Great Britain

Destroyer For Bases deal

Deal for US to trade Destroyers in exchange for bases found in British Territories in Caribbean.

Lend-Lease Act

Policy that allowed all allies to purchase US weapons on credit.

Pearl Harbor

Japan needed oil from US to maintain possessions.

Attack pearl Harbor.

Starts involvement of US

Manhattan Project

Produced atomic weapons

Impact on Society - Post WWII

1. African Americans
- Continued migration to North + West to seek jobs in wartime industries.

2. Mexican Americans + Mexicans
- Agreement to temporarily allow Mexicans agricultural workers to enter during harvest seasons to help with farm production

3. Japanese Americans
- Irrational fear led to placement of more than 100,000 in "internment camps"

4. Women
- Massive number of women entered the workforce to take place of men fighting in war.

Battle of Midway

1942

- Stopped Japanese expansion, forced them to retreat

Yalta

1945

Divide Germany into two occupation zones Free elections for Eastern Europe

Postdam

1945

- Divide Germany and Berlin into 4 occupation zones - British, France, US, USSR

Legacy of WWII (2)

1) Massive devastation throughout Europe + Asia
- Result: US emerges as wealthiest and most powerful country in the world.

2) Creation of United Nations
- Organizations aimed to avoiding future large-scale conflict
- Most peaceful period in history.

United Nations

Organization aimed to avoid future large-scale conflict