National Government chapters 1-3

From the American Government 2e textbook

Ideology

the beliefs and ideals that help to shape political opinion and eventually policy

Intense Preferences

beliefs and preferences based on strong feelings regarding an issue that someone adheres to over time

Latent Preferences

beliefs and preferences people are not deeply committed to and that changeover time

Partisanship

strong support, or even blind allegiance, for a particular political party

Social Capital

connections with others and the willingness to interact and aid them

Elite Theory

claims political power rests in the hands of a small, elite group of people

Pluralist Theory

claims political power rests in the hands of groups of people

Common Goods

goods that all people may use but that are of limited supply

Democracy

a form of government where political power rests in the hands of the people

Majority Rule

a fundamental principle of democracy; the majority should have the power to make decisions binding upon the whole

Minority Rights

protections for those who are not part of the majority

Monarchy

a form of government where one ruler, usually a hereditary one, holds political power

Oligarchy

a form of government where a handful of elite society members hold political power

Political Power

influence over a government’s institutions, leaderships, or policies

Private Goods

goods provided by private businesses that can be used only by those who pay for them

Public Goods

goods provided by government that anyone can use and that are available to all without charge

Representative Democracy

a form of government where voters elect representatives to make decisions and pass laws on behalf of al the people instead of allowing people to vote directly on laws

Toll Good

a good that is available to many people but is used only by those who can pay the price to do so

Totalitarianism

a form of government where government is all-powerful and citizens have no rights

Bill of Rights

the first ten amendment to the US constitution; most were designed to protects fundamental rights and liberties

Anti-federalists

those who did not support ratification of the constitution

Federalists

those who supported the ratification of the constitution

The federalist papers

a collection of eighty-five essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of the ratification of the constitution

Bicameral Legislature

a legislature with two houses, such as the US congress

Checks and Balances

a system that allows one branch of government to limit the exercise of power by another branch; requires the different parts of government to work together

enumerated powers

the powers given explicitly to the federal government by the Constitution (Article I, Section 8); power to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, raise and support armies, declare war, coin money, and conduct foreign affairs

federal system

a form of government in which power is divided between state governments and a national government

great compromise

a compromise between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan that created a twohouse Congress; representation based on population in the House of Representatives and equal representation of states in the Senate

new jersey plan

a plan that called for a one-house national legislature; each state would receive one vote

reserved powers

any powers not prohibited by the Constitution or delegated to the national government; powers reserved to the states and denied to the federal government

separation of powers

the sharing of powers among three separate branches of government

supremacy clause

the statement in Article VI of the Constitution that federal law is superior to laws passed by state legislatures

three-fifths compromise

a compromise between northern and southern states that called for counting all a state’s free population and 60 percent of its slave population for both federal taxation and representation in Congress

unicameral legislature

a legislature with only one house, like the Confederation Congress or the legislature proposed by the New Jersey Plan

veto

the power of the president to reject a law proposed by Congress

virginia plan

a plan for a two-house legislature; representatives would be elected to the lower house based on each state’s population; representatives for the upper house would be chosen by the lower house

articles of confederation

the first basis for the new nation’s government; adopted in 1781; created an alliance of sovereign states held together by a weak central government

confederation

a highly decentralized form of government; sovereign states form a union for purposes such as mutual defense

republic

a form of government in which political power rests in the hands of the people, not a monarch, and is exercised by elected representatives

declaration of independence

a document written in 1776 in which the American colonists proclaimed their independence from Great Britain and listed their grievances against the British king

natural rights

the right to life, liberty, and property; believed to be given by God; no government may take away

social contract

an agreement between people and government in which citizens consent to be governed so long as the government protects their natural rights

race-to-the-bottom

a dynamic in which states compete to attract business by lowering taxes and regulations, often to workers’ detriment

immigration federalism

the gradual movement of states into the immigration policy domain traditionally handled by the federal government

venue shopping

a strategy in which interest groups select the level and branch of government they calculate will be most receptive to their policy goals

block grant

a type of grant that comes with less stringent federal administrative conditions and provide recipients more latitude over how to spend grant funds

categorical grant

a federal transfer formulated to limit recipients’ discretion in the use of funds and subject them to strict administrative criteria

creeping categorization

a process in which the national government attaches new administrative requirements to block grants or supplants them with new categorical grants

unfunded mandates

federal laws and regulations that impose obligations on state and local governments without fully compensating them for the costs of implementation

cooperative federalism

a style of federalism in which both levels of government coordinate their actions to solve national problems, leading to the blending of layers as in a marble cake

dual federalism

a style of federalism in which the states and national government exercise exclusive authority in distinctly delineated spheres of jurisdiction, creating a layer-cake view of federalism

general revenue sharing

a type of federal grant that places minimal restrictions on how state and local governments spend the money

new federalism

a style of federalism premised on the idea that the decentralization of policies enhances administrative efficiency, reduces overall public spending, and improves outcomes

nullification

a doctrine promoted by John Calhoun of South Carolina in the 1830s, asserting that if a state deems a federal law unconstitutional, it can nullify it within its borders

bill of attainder

a legislative action declaring someone guilty without a trial; prohibited under the Constitution

concurrent powers

shared state and federal powers that range from taxing, borrowing, and making and enforcing laws to establishing court systems

devolution

a process in which powers from the central government in a unitary system are delegated to subnational units

elastic clause

the last clause of Article I, Section 8, which enables the national government “to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying” out all its constitutional responsibilities

ex post facto law

a law that criminalizes an act retroactively; prohibited under the Constitution

federalism

an institutional arrangement that creates two relatively autonomous levels of government, each possessing the capacity to act directly on the people with authority granted by the national constitution

full faith and credit clause

found in Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution, this clause requires states to accept court decisions, public acts, and contracts of other states; also referred to as the comity provision

privileges and immunities clause

found in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution, this clause prohibits states from discriminating against out-of-staters by denying such guarantees as access to courts, legal protection, and property and travel rights

unitary system

a centralized system of government in which the subnational government is dependent on the central government, where substantial authority is concentrated

writ of habeas corpus

a petition that enables someone in custody to petition a judge to determine whether that person’s detention is legal