Common Ions and Significant Figures - Vocabulary Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering common ions, their charges, naming patterns, polyatomic ion series, and significant figures rules from the notes.

Hydrogen ion (H+)

A positively charged hydrogen atom; the proton. A common cation in chemistry.

Hydride (H-)

A negatively charged hydrogen ion; a hydrogen anion.

Sodium ion (Na+)

Sodium cation with a +1 charge.

Potassium ion (K+)

Potassium cation with a +1 charge.

Lithium ion (Li+)

Lithium cation with a +1 charge.

Silver ion (Ag+)

Silver cation with a +1 charge.

Zinc(II) ion (Zn2+)

Zinc cation with a +2 charge.

Beryllium ion (Be2+)

Beryllium cation with a +2 charge.

Magnesium ion (Mg2+)

Magnesium cation with a +2 charge.

Ammonium ion (NH4+)

Ammonium, a polyatomic cation with a +1 charge.

Calcium ion (Ca2+)

Calcium cation with a +2 charge.

Strontium ion (Sr2+)

Strontium cation with a +2 charge.

Barium ion (Ba2+)

Barium cation with a +2 charge.

Aluminum(III) ion (Al3+)

aluminum cation with a +3 charge.

Iron(II) ion (Fe2+)

Iron cation with a +2 charge.

Iron(III) ion (Fe3+)

Iron cation with a +3 charge.

Copper(I) ion (Cu+)

Copper cation with a +1 charge.

Copper(II) ion (Cu2+)

Copper cation with a +2 charge.

Cobalt(II) ion (Co2+)

Cobalt cation with a +2 charge.

Cobalt(III) ion (Co3+)

Cobalt cation with a +3 charge.

Tin(II) ion (Sn2+)

Tin cation with a +2 charge.

Tin(IV) ion (Sn4+)

Tin cation with a +4 charge.

Lead(II) ion (Pb2+)

Lead cation with a +2 charge.

Lead(IV) ion (Pb4+)

Lead cation with a +4 charge.

Mercury(I) ion (Hg2^2+)

Mercury(I) cation formed as Hg2^2+ (mercurous).

Mercury(II) ion (Hg2+)

Mercury cation with a +2 charge.

Nitrate (NO3−)

Polyatomic anion with a -1 charge; NO3−, derived from nitric acid.

Nitrite (NO2−)

Polyatomic anion with a -1 charge; NO2−, derived from nitrous acid.

Sulfate (SO4^2−)

Sulfate anion with a -2 charge; SO4^2−.

Sulfite (SO3^2−)

Sulfite anion with a -2 charge; SO3^2−.

Hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate) (HSO4−)

Hydrogen sulfate anion with a -1 charge; formed by adding H+ to sulfate.

Hydroxide (OH−)

Hydroxide anion with a -1 charge.

Chloride (Cl−)

Chloride anion with a -1 charge.

Fluoride (F−)

Fluoride anion with a -1 charge.

Cyanide (CN−)

Cyanide anion with a -1 charge.

Hydride (H−)

Hydrogen anion with a -1 charge.

Hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate) (HCO3−)

Bicarbonate anion with a -1 charge.

Carbonate (CO3^2−)

Carbonate anion with a -2 charge.

Phosphate (PO4^3−)

Phosphate anion with a -3 charge.

Hydrogen phosphate (HPO4^2−)

Hydrogen phosphate anion with a -2 charge.

Dihydrogen phosphate (H2PO4−)

Dihydrogen phosphate anion with a -1 charge.

Borate (BO3^3−)

Borate anion with a -3 charge.

Acetate (C2H3O2− or CH3COO−)

Acetate anion; common carboxylate with -1 charge.

Permanganate (MnO4−)

Permanganate anion with a -1 charge.

Thiosulfate (S2O3^2−)

Thiosulfate anion with a -2 charge.

Hypochlorite (ClO−)

Hypochlorite anion with a -1 charge; chlorine oxyanion with fewest oxygens in the series.

Chlorite (ClO2−)

Chlorite anion with a -1 charge.

Chlorate (ClO3−)

Chlorate anion with a -1 charge.

Perchlorate (ClO4−)

Perchlorate anion with a -1 charge; most oxygenated in the series.

Hypoiodite (IO−)

Hypoiodite anion with a -1 charge.

Iodite (IO2−)

Iodite anion with a -1 charge.

Iodate (IO3−)

Iodate anion with a -1 charge.

Periodate (IO4−)

Periodate anion with a -1 charge.

Iodide (I−)

Iodide anion with a -1 charge.

Bromide (Br−)

Bromide anion with a -1 charge.

Hypobromite (BrO−)

Hypobromite anion with a -1 charge.

Bromite (BrO2−)

Bromite anion with a -1 charge.

Bromate (BrO3−)

Bromate anion with a -1 charge.

Perbromate (BrO4−)

Perbromate anion with a -1 charge.

Nitride (N^3−)

Nitride anion with a -3 charge.

Hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate) to sulfate pattern

Note: Adding H+ to sulfate forms HSO4−; related to hydrogen-containing series.

Chalcogenide series rules (ate/ite)

“Ate” ions have one more oxygen than the “ite” ion but same charge; knowing one lets you derive the other.

Hypo-/Hyper-/Per- prefixes

Hypo = under/less oxygen; hyper = more oxygen; per = one more oxygen than the base in the -ate series.

Polyatomic ion naming pattern: -ide ending for many simple anions

Anions formed from nonmetals often end in -ide (e.g., chloride, oxide).

Roman numeral notation (for variable oxidation states)

Indicates the metal’s oxidation state in the ion name, e.g., Fe2+/Fe3+, Cu+/Cu2+, Sn2+/Sn4+.

Hydroxy/oxide/hydride series

Hydroxide is OH−; oxide is O^2−; hydride is H−; patterns help memorize related anions.

Significant figures

Digits known with certainty plus one estimated digit; used to express precision in measurements.

Zero rules (significant figures)

Leading zeros are not significant; zeros between digits are significant; trailing zeros are significant if after a decimal point.

Scientific notation and sig figs

All numbers written in scientific notation are significant digits.

Rounding and sig figs in calculations

Multiplication/division: result has as many sig figs as the factor with the fewest figs; addition/subtraction: round to the least precise decimal place.

Recording measurements

Readings include all certain digits plus one estimated digit; record values with appropriate precision.

Average readings

Average should be rounded to the same number of decimal places as the sum’s precision.