Spring 2026 Exam 3 - Advanced Pathophysiology

A comprehensive set of flashcards covering key concepts in advanced pathophysiology, focused on hematologic alterations, endocrine disorders, infectious diseases, and cardiac conditions.

Anemia

A reduction in the total number of erythrocytes in the circulating blood or a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin.

Megaloblastic Anemia

A type of anemia characterized by abnormally large red blood cells that are not fully developed due to impaired DNA synthesis.

Intrinsic Factor (IF)

A glycoprotein produced in the stomach that binds to vitamin B12, facilitating its absorption in the intestines.

Pernicious Anemia

A type of megaloblastic anemia resulting from vitamin B12 deficiency due to a lack of intrinsic factor.

Microcytic-Hypochromic Anemia

Anemia characterized by abnormally small erythrocytes with reduced hemoglobin content, commonly caused by iron deficiency.

Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA)

A type of anemia arising from inadequate dietary intake or excessive blood loss.

Aplastic Anemia

A condition characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce adequate numbers of blood cells resulting in pancytopenia.

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

An acquired syndrome characterized by widespread activation of coagulation, leading to the formation of fibrin clots and paradoxical bleeding.

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)

A type of malignant lymphoma characterized by the absence of Reed-Sternberg cells and usually involves acquired gene changes.

Hodgkin Lymphoma (HL)

A malignant lymphoma characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and systemic symptoms.

Sickle Cell Disease

A group of inherited red blood cell disorders caused by a genetic mutation that results in crescent-shaped red blood cells.

Hemophilia

An X-linked recessive disorder characterized by deficiencies in clotting factors, leading to excessive bleeding.

Leukemia

Cancer of the blood-forming tissues characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of malignant leukocytes.

Psoriasis

A chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disorder that involves the skin, often with systemic comorbidities.

Lyme Disease

A multisystem inflammatory disease caused by the Borrelia burgdorferi spirochete, transmitted via ticks.

Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)

A virus causing skin infections, with HSV-1 commonly associated with oral infections and HSV-2 with genital infections.

Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)

A virus that causes chickenpox and shingles, known for latency in sensory ganglia post-infection.

Nevi

Benign pigmented lesions that can transition to malignant melanoma and are evaluated using the ABCDE rule.

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC)

A skin cancer thought to be caused by UV radiation exposure, originating from basal cells.

Cushing Syndrome

A condition characterized by excessive exposure to cortisol, often leading to weight gain and other metabolic abnormalities.

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1

A disorder characterized by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to absolute insulin deficiency.

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

A chronic metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.

Heart Failure (HF)

A pathological condition in which the heart is unable to generate adequate cardiac output to perfuse tissues.

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

A disease caused by the narrowing of coronary arteries, leading to inadequate blood supply to the heart muscle.

Hypertension (HTN)

A chronic condition characterized by elevated blood pressure, often referred to as the 'silent killer'.

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

Atherosclerotic disease affecting arteries that supply blood to the limbs, leading to intermittent claudication.

Aortic Coarctation

A congenital defect characterized by narrowing of the aorta, impacting blood flow and leading to hypertension in the upper body.