Veterinary Case Studies and Treatment Protocols

What are the clinical signs of the Great Dane presenting with abdominal distension?

Unproductive retching, hypersalivation, tachycardia, pale mucous membranes, weak pulses, and a distended, tympanic abdomen.

What radiographic sign is noted in the Great Dane with abdominal distension?

A 'double bubble' or 'Popeye arm' sign.

What is the most appropriate next step in managing the Great Dane with abdominal distension?

Administer IV fluids, decompress the stomach, and prepare for surgical correction and gastropexy.

What clinical signs are observed in the Yorkshire Terrier suspected of hepatic encephalopathy?

Ataxia, head pressing, and recent seizures.

What initial treatment is appropriate for the Yorkshire Terrier with suspected hepatic encephalopathy?

Start lactulose therapy, IV fluids without lactate, and enemas to reduce colonic ammonia.

What are the findings in the cat with lethargy and pale mucous membranes after antibiotic treatment?

PCV of 16%, spherocytes on a blood smear, and a positive saline agglutination test.

What is the most appropriate initial treatment plan for the cat with suspected immune-mediated hemolytic anemia?

Start immunosuppressive prednisone therapy and discontinue the suspected inciting drug.

What are the clinical signs of the 10-year-old female DSH cat presenting with vomiting and icterus?

Depressed, salivating, and icteric.

What is the most likely disease occurring in the cat with elevated ALP and normal GGT?

Hepatic Lipidosis.

What is the likely cause of itchiness in the 2-year-old Golden Retriever?

Atopy.

What are the clinical signs of the mixed breed dog presenting with vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain?

Vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, pain on abdominal palpation, pale mucous membranes, and dehydration.

What is the top differential for the mixed breed dog with abdominal pain?

Intussusception.

What CBC changes would you expect in a young miniature schnauzer with a congenital shunt?

Non-anemic, hypochromic, microcytosis.

What is the treatment for the Yorkie with chronic diarrhea and fluid-filled abdomen?

Ultra low fat diet, cyclosporine, clopidogrel.

What is the clinical presentation of the 4-year-old hunting hound dog?

ADR, PU/PD, intermittent lameness, swollen lymph nodes.

What should you consider treating the hunting hound dog with?

A drug for potential vector-borne disease, such as doxycycline.

What is the significance of pale mucous membranes in a dog?

It may indicate anemia or poor perfusion.

What does a positive saline agglutination test indicate?

It suggests immune-mediated hemolytic anemia.

What is the role of lactulose in treating hepatic encephalopathy?

It helps reduce colonic ammonia levels.

What is the importance of IV fluids in managing the Great Dane's condition?

To correct dehydration and support circulation prior to surgery.

What is the expected outcome of starting immunosuppressive therapy in the cat?

To manage the immune-mediated hemolytic anemia effectively.

What dietary change is recommended for managing intestinal lymphangiectasia?

An ultra low fat diet.

What is the common clinical sign of atopy in dogs?

Itching and licking at the skin.

What is the first-line antibiotic for a 'first offender' with an uncomplicated UTI?

Amoxicillin

What is the primary diagnosis for a 5-year-old Labrador Retriever presenting with seizures, weight loss, and elevated ALT of 190 u/L?

Extrahepatic shunt

What is the anesthetic protocol of choice for a 10-year-old Yorkshire Terrier with IRIS Stage 3 CKD and a blood pressure of 150 mmHg?

Premedication: Acepromazine + Morphine; Induction: Propofol; Maintenance: Isoflurane

Which types of antacids are most effective to decrease gastric acid secretion in dogs and cats?

Proton Pump Inhibitors

What is the gold standard diagnostic to perform for a 12-year-old male West Highland White Terrier with hematuria and a palpable mass in the abdomen?

Biopsy

What is the normal tear film break up time in the canine?

10-12 seconds

What disease is indicated by a 2-year-old MN DSH cat presenting with weight loss, fatty diarrhea, and a strong appetite?

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency; best diagnostic is Trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI)

What nerve block is contraindicated if the patient has glaucoma due to causing a transient increase in intraocular pressure?

Retrobulbar anesthesia

What is the most common cause of immunization failures in dogs?

Interference of maternally derived antibody

What enzyme are cats deficient in, affecting their ability to metabolize drugs?

Phophofructokinase (PHK-1)

What is the most likely diagnosis for a 3-month-old male Boston Terrier with projectile vomiting after eating?

Gastroesophageal Intussusception

What is the most likely diagnosis for a 9-year-old neutered male German Shepherd with hematuria and an abdominal mass?

To be determined based on ultrasound findings.

What is the treatment for Lyme nephritis?

Doxycycline

What medication is used to treat conditions requiring immunosuppression?

Cyclophosphamide

What is Pyrantel Pamoate used for?

To treat parasitic infections.

What is the significance of an elevated ALT level in veterinary diagnostics?

It indicates potential liver damage or dysfunction.

What is the role of H2 blockers in veterinary medicine?

To reduce gastric acid secretion.

What is the purpose of a cystocentesis in veterinary diagnostics?

To obtain a sterile urine sample directly from the bladder.

What is the clinical significance of hematuria in dogs?

It may indicate urinary tract issues, including infections or tumors.

What is the recommended anesthetic maintenance agent for patients with CKD?

Isoflurane.

What is the clinical presentation of chronic pancreatitis in cats?

Weight loss, fatty diarrhea, and a strong appetite.

What diagnostic tool is best for confirming exocrine pancreatic insufficiency?

Trypsin-like immunoreactivity (TLI).

What is the most important treatment option for a diabetic cat presenting with dehydration and icteric mucous membranes?

Administration of subcutaneous fluids with vitamins.

What is the initial treatment plan for a cat with alopecia and crusts, previously treated with steroids?

Give an injection of Depo-medrol.

What is the top differential and preferred treatment for a dog with straining to urinate and blood in urine showing radiopaque stones?

Calcium oxalate stones, surgical or manual removal.

What immediate treatment should be initiated for a cat suspected of Hepatic Lipidosis?

0.9% saline with potassium as needed, place an esophagostomy tube, and cerenia.

What classic diagnostic result confirms suspicion of Acute Hemorrhagic Diarrhea Syndrome in a puppy?

Hemoconcentration with a normal to decreased total plasma protein.

What radiographic view is diagnostic for Gastric Dilatation-Volvulus (GDV)?

Right lateral abdominal radiographs.

What is an appropriate treatment for an anorexic cat with hepatic lipidosis?

Esophageal feeding tube.

What is recommended for the treatment of acute enteritis?

IV fluid therapy.

What condition is commonly associated with cholangiohepatitis and IBD in cats as part of 'triaditis'?

Pancreatitis.

What is copper storage disease?

A hereditary condition affecting copper excretion, causing copper accumulation in the liver and persistent elevation of ALT.

What is the body condition score of Daisy, the diabetic cat?

8/9.

What symptoms did Daisy present with that indicated a need for treatment?

Dehydration and yellow mucous membranes.

What is the age of Billy, the cat with alopecia and crusts?

6 years old.

What is the age of Jesse, the Maltese mix with urinary issues?

5 years old.

What specific gravity was found in Jesse's urinalysis?

1.040.

What pH level was recorded in Jesse's urinalysis?

5.5.

What is the age of Winnie, the cat suspected of having Hepatic Lipidosis?

6 years old.

What are the symptoms presented by Bailey, the Yorkie with diarrhea?

Acute vomiting and hemorrhagic diarrhea with a 'raspberry jam' appearance.

What is the age of Raven, the Labrador presenting with unproductive retching?

4 years old.

What is the treatment for an apparently hungry yet anorexic cat with hepatic lipidosis?

Esophageal feeding tube.

What is a common clinical sign of copper storage disease in cats?

Persistent elevation of ALT.

What is the treatment for acute enteritis?

IV fluid therapy.

Which breed of dog is most affected by copper storage disease and what is the appropriate drug for copper chelation?

Bedlington Terrier; D-penicillamine.

What is the appropriate drug and nerve block for a phacoemulsification procedure in a dog?

Cisatracurium; peribulbar nerve block with 0.5% bupivicaine.

What advice should be given to a client regarding a dog that is constantly licking its paws?

Foot licking is typically a sign of environmental allergies; Cytopoint injections may be a better option as they are labeled for atopic dermatitis and have limited side effects.

What is the most likely diagnosis for a cat with vomiting, anorexia, yellow mucus membranes, and elevated ALP?

Hepatic lipidosis; treatment includes nutritional supplementation, IV fluids, maropitant for nausea, and vitamin supplementation.

What is the most likely diagnosis for a cat with a painful, teary left eye that stains with fluorescein?

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca.

What is the antibiotic of choice for an uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection in a dog?

Cefpodoxime.

What is the most important treatment for a cat with yellow mucous membranes and signs of vomiting?

Initiate nutritional support.

What is the likely condition for a 13-year-old Bichon-Frise diagnosed with chronic kidney disease?

Chronic kidney disease management.

What are the common signs of environmental allergies in dogs?

Constant licking at paws, scratching, and skin irritations.

What is the significance of elevated ALP in a cat's blood work?

It may indicate liver disease or cholestasis.

What is the purpose of using a neuromuscular blockade during surgery?

To achieve muscle relaxation and maintain the eye in a central position.

What is the role of Cytopoint in treating atopic dermatitis?

It is an injectable treatment that targets the underlying cause of itching with limited side effects.

What is the expected outcome of using D-penicillamine in dogs?

It is used for copper chelation in breeds prone to copper storage disease.

What is the typical presentation of a cat with hepatic lipidosis?

Vomiting, anorexia, yellow mucus membranes, and weight loss.

What is the treatment for a cat diagnosed with Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca?

Lifelong topical cyclosporine or tacrolimus therapy.

What are the clinical signs of a lower urinary tract infection in dogs?

Stranguria, pollakiuria, and possibly hematuria.

What is the significance of a BCS of 4/5 in a cat?

It indicates that the cat is overweight, which can complicate health issues.

What are the potential side effects of using steroids in treating allergies in dogs?

Immunosuppression, increased thirst, and increased urination.

What is the purpose of a peribulbar nerve block during eye surgery?

To provide analgesia and immobilize the eye.

What is the first step in managing a cat with suspected hepatic lipidosis?

Initiate nutritional support.

What is a common treatment for a dog with a urinary tract infection?

Antibiotics such as amoxicillin or cefpodoxime.

What are the signs of chronic kidney disease in older dogs?

Increased thirst, increased urination, weight loss, and vomiting.

What is the role of maropitant in treating cats?

It is an antiemetic used to control nausea and vomiting.

What is the IRIS classification for a dog with a serum creatinine of 2 mg/dL and increased thirst and urination?

Stage II

What is the most appropriate antibiotic for a canine diagnosed with pyoderma and how long should the treatment last?

Doxycycline for 4 weeks.

What additional treatment should be provided after correcting a foreign body obstruction in a cat with elevated liver enzymes?

Initiate nutritional support via feeding tube with supportive IV fluids.

What are the two treatments that can cure atopy in a dog?

Atopica (cyclosporins) & Allergy skin testing/vaccine.

What is the likely cause of weight loss, PLE, and large bowel diarrhea in a dog?

Campylobacter jejuni.

Why should carprofen not be used for pain control in a patient with liver disease?

Carprofen is an NSAID and should not be used because it is excreted via the liver.

What is the likely reason Cytopoint was not helping a dog with chronic ear infections and licking at his feet?

Her dog is most likely experiencing environmental allergies.

What is the ideal weight for a 12 kg, 15-year-old chihuahua mix with a BCS of 8/9?

9.2 kg.

What is the most appropriate treatment for a dog with environmental allergies?

Bathe the dog after going outside and/or wipe paws, Benadryl, and Apoquel.

What is the significance of elevated TBIL, GGT, ALT, and ALP in a cat?

Indicates potential liver dysfunction or biliary obstruction.