WFC 111 Quiz 2

archaeornithes and neornithes

2 subclasses of class aves

odontognathae, palaeognathae, and neognathae

3 superorder in subclass neornithes

galloanseres and neoaves

2 groups in superorder neognathae

basal unresolved, aequorithes, and telluraves

3 groups in group neoaves

cuculiformes

medium to large arboreal or terrestrial birds with long tails, feet are zygodactyl, some are parasitic with egg development

caprimulgiformes

nocturnal insect-eating birds with large heads and small weak bills (wide gape), rictal bristles, long wings

apodiformes

small nectar-feeding birds that hover or have long wings to fly fast to capture insects

gruiformes

diverse wetland birds, mostly waders, bill is longer than head and slender and acute or laterally compressed, feet are unwebbed, semipalmate, or lobate, flightless evolved many time in this order

cuculiformes examples

cuckoos

caprimulgiformes examples

nightjars/nighthawks

apodiformes examples

hummingbirds and swifts

gruiformes examples

cranes and rails

charadriiformes

diverse aquatic birds, long pointed wings and short tail, some long-necked or long-legged, slender bills or laterally compressed, feet are palmate

charadriiformes examples

gulls, shorebirds

gaviiformes

large diving birds, legs set on backside of body, strong pointed bill, thick neck, wings are short and pointed

gaviiformes examples

loons

sphenisciformes

larger flightless aquatic birds with fused wing bones to paddle, tail short, feet are palmate and set on backside, excellent swimmers

sphenisciformes

penguins

procellariiformes

tube-nosed seabirds, long-winged and excellent soarers, bill stout or slender, hooked, with tubular nostrils covered in horny plates, palmate feet

procellariiformes

tubenoses

ciconiiformes

long-legged and long-necked wading birds, bill larger and long, feet not fully palmate, no syrinx, face neck and bill are bare

ciconiiformes examples

storks

suliformes

waterbirds with gular pouch, bill long, pointed or hooked, feet are totipalmate, long wings

suliformes

boobies, gannets

pelecaniformes

large fish-eating waterbirds, bill pointed or hooked, feet are either totipalmate or 4 thing long toes, s-shaped necks, powder down

pelecaniformes examples

pelecans, herons

cathartiformes

large scavengers with long broad wings, stiff tails for soaring, featherless head and necks, feet clawed but weak, bill slightly hooked, good sense of smell, scavengers

cathartiformes

new world vulture

acciptriformes

predatory and scavenging birds, bill strongly hooked, fleshy cere at base of bill, raptorial feet, wings large and broad

strigiformes

nocturnal birds of prey with large heart shaped face, forward-facing eyes, bill curved, raptorial feet, tarsi feathered

acciptriformes examples

hawks, osprey

strigiformes examples

owls

piciformes

arboreal birds, variable bills, zygodactyl feet, stiffened tails

piciformes examples

woodpeckers

coraciiformes

arboreal with large heads and prominent bills, bills straight or curved, feet are syndactyl

coraciiformes examples

rollers kingfishers

falconiformes

birds of prey with tomial tooth, strong curved claws, long pointed wings for very fast flight

falconiformes examples

falcons

psittaformes

colorful arboreal birds with curved bills and zygodactyl feet, intelligent, upper bill overlaps

psittaformes examples

parrots

passeriformes

diverse perching songbirds, anisodactly feet with developed hallux, intelligent

passeriformes examples

perching birds

4 forces of flight

lift, propulsion, drag, and weight

static pressure

exerted uniformly in all directions

dynamic pressure

kinetic energy due to motion of air molecules

bernoulli's law

pressure decreases as speed increases

airfoil

in an asymmetric surface, air on top goes faster and further

how is lift generated in an airfoil

pressure increases from the bottom

newton's third law for birds flying

for every action there is an equal opposite reaction, when a bird downstrokes it deflects the air down and lifts the bird

what does it take to generate lift?

bernoulli's law and newton's third law

profile drag

caused by frictional resistance of wings passing through the air

induced drag

caused by vortices at tips of wings

induced drag solutions

reduce area of wing tips, narrow pointed wings

profile drag solutions

reduce surface area relative to body weight, alula helps to maintain laminar flow at low speeds

what force do primaries generate

lift and thrust

what force do secondaries generate

lift

vmp

efficient speed at minimum power

vmr

max speed while still minimizing energy

wing chord

width of wing

wing loading

mass/area

aspect ratio

wingspan/wing chord

high wing loading

larger birds like swans

low wing loading

more maneuverable , less power needed to sustain flight

low aspect ratio

wide, short wings, powerful flight like sparrows

high aspect ratio

long narrow wings, gliding like albatross

elliptical wing shape

short rounded, low aspect and low loading, highly manueverable, songbirds (short and thick)

high speed wing shape

pointed, high aspect and low loading, swifts (long and thick)

soaring wing shape

long and narrow, high aspect and medium loading, long efficient flight, albatross ( long and thin)

high lift wing shape

very broad, medium aspect and medium loading ( medium short and thin)

flapping

thrust and lift on downstroke and lift on upstroke

gliding

use weight to overcome air resistance, lose altitude

soaring

maintain or increase altitude, using wind gradient on ocean

hovering

generate lift on downstroke and upstroke

formation

use wind vortices generated by wing tips of birds in front

passive soaring

using warm and cold air to soar

dynamic soaring

using wind currents to soar

composition of feathers

90% beta-keratin, lipids and pigments

pennaceous vane

tightly interlocked, aerodynamic

plumaceous vane

no tight interlocking, fluffy for insulation

distal barbule

going away from body

proximal barbule

coming towards body

barbacel

hooks on distal barbule

contour feathers

basic vanned feathers of body and wings, pennaceous distal and plumaceous inner

remiges

flight feathers on wings, asymmetical

rectrices

tail feathers, pennaceous, both asymmetical and symmertical vanes

semiplumes

intermediate between downs and contour, rachis longer than any barb

downs

extremely plumaceous for insulation and lack a central rachis

powder down

special feathers that disintergrate into a powder and never molt

bristles

contours without vanes, sensory organ, no barbs on tip

filoplumes

long hairlike filament that monitors position of pennaceous feathers, only tip has barbs

where are primaries attached on the body

carpometacarpus and second digit

where are the secondaries attached to on the body

ulna

where are the tail feathers attached to on the body

pygostyle

types of feather care

preening, uropygial gland, powder down, bathing, anting, molt

simple molt cycle

natal to prejuvenal molt to juvenal feathers to first basic molt to pre basic molt to basic molt

complex molt cycle

natal feathers to prejuvenal molt to juvenal feathers to first pre basic molt to pre alt molt to alternative feathers to pre basic molt to basic feathers

carotenoids

from diet, colors of reds and yellows

melanins

from sun, dark colors

structural color

light scattering, nanostructure in feather barbs

pithuis

poisonous feathers