History Exam 2

Field Order No. 15

Sherman's directive to distribute land to freedmen.

General William Sherman

Union general known for destructive military campaigns.

Sherman's March to the Sea

Military campaign causing widespread destruction in the South.

40 Acres and a Mule

Promise of land and resources to freedmen's families.

St. Catherine's Island

Location seized for farming and local governance.

Tunis Campbell

Educator who established a school for freedmen.

Thirteenth Amendment

Constitutional amendment abolishing slavery in the U.S.

Southern States Reconstruction

Process for reintegrating southern states post-Civil War.

Freedmen's Bureau

Agency providing assistance to newly freed individuals.

Oliver O.

Administrator of the Freedmen's Bureau.

Confiscated Land

Seizure of land from former plantation owners.

Local Government Establishment

Formation of governance structures by freedmen.

Constitution Writing

Process of creating a governing document for freedmen.

Militia Organization

Formation of armed groups for community defense.

Ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment

Southern states' approval to abolish slavery.

Howard

Union army member focused on education reform.

Public Schools

Established by Howard in the South post-war.

Contracts

Replaced slavery with a free labor system.

Sharecropping

African Americans paid landowners half of crops.

Andrew Johnson

President after Lincoln, favored lenient Reconstruction.

Black Codes

Laws limiting rights of African Americans post-war.

Fourteenth Amendment

Guaranteed equal protection under the law.

Ku Klux Klan

Secretive group terrorizing African Americans post-war.

Colfax Massacre

Deadly 1873 attack by Klan on black militia.

Compromise of 1877

Ended Reconstruction, allowed Southern self-governance.

Iron Puddle

Traditional method of iron production by artisans.

Sons of Vulcan

Labor organization for skilled iron workers.

Andrew Carnegie

Scottish immigrant who revolutionized steel industry.

Bessemer Converter

Device that produced steel efficiently from iron.

Vertical Integration

Carnegie's strategy of controlling supply chain.

Scientific Management

Frederick Taylor's method to maximize worker productivity.

Knights of Labor

First national labor organization promoting broad reforms.

American Federation of Labor

Focused on better wages and shorter hours.

Company Town

Community where workers depended on company for survival.

Scrip

Currency used in company towns, redeemable only at stores.

Homestead Lockout

Conflict between workers and management at Homestead.

Eugene Debs

Socialist leader advocating for public ownership.

Industrial Workers of the World

Radical labor organization seeking to overthrow capitalism.

Labor Contracts

Required agreements for workers to avoid vagrancy.

Interracial Marriage Laws

Prohibited marriage between different races in some states.

Segregation Laws

Legal restrictions enforcing racial separation.

Time and Motion Studies

Taylor's method to analyze worker efficiency.

Injunctions

Court orders to restrict union activities.

Pinkertons

Private security used against striking workers.

Benevolent Societies

Ethnic organizations providing social support.

Wage Slavery

Condition where workers are economically dependent.

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Advocated for US naval expansion and imperialism.

Naval War College

Institution where Mahan developed naval strategy.

Sea Power

Strong navy essential for trade and national strength.

Spanish-American War

Conflict in 1898 leading to US territorial gains.

Battle of Manila Bay

Decisive US victory against Spain in the Philippines.

Teddy Roosevelt

Called Spanish-American War a 'splendid little war.'

William McKinley

President during the Spanish-American War.

Anti-Imperialist League

Opposed US expansion and imperialist policies.

Emilio Aguinaldo

Leader of Philippine independence movement against US.

Platt Amendment

Allowed US intervention in Cuban affairs post-independence.

Roosevelt Corollary

Extension of Monroe Doctrine asserting US intervention.

Banana Wars

US military interventions in Caribbean and Central America.

Horatio Alger

Authored rags-to-riches stories symbolizing American Dream.

Meritocracy

Success based on individual effort and talent.

Social Darwinism

Applied survival of the fittest to society.

Jacob Riis

Photographer exposing urban poverty in 'How the Other Half Lives.'

Settlement House

Community centers aiding urban poor, especially women.

Jane Addams

Founded Hull House to support immigrant communities.

Progressivism

Movement addressing social issues through government action.

Muckrakers

Journalists exposing corruption and social injustices.

Ida Tarbell

Muckraker who investigated Standard Oil's unethical practices.

The Great Migration

Mass movement of African Americans to northern cities.

Black Belt

Area in Chicago with concentrated African American population.

Urban League

Organization aiding African American migrants in cities.

New Negro

Cultural movement asserting African American identity and rights.

Lynch Mob

Group committing violence against African Americans, often lynching.

Harrison

A Shakespearian actor targeted in Chicago's racial tensions.

Grand Blvd.

White neighborhood where Harrison's family moved.

Bomb Threats

Violent intimidation faced by Harrison's family in Grand Blvd.

Police Investigation

Halfhearted response to bombings against Harrison's family.

Chicago Race Riot

1919 conflict sparked by racial tensions in neighborhoods.

Summer of 1919

Time period when the Chicago Race Riot occurred.

Swimming Incident

Black teenager's swimming nearby ignited racial conflict.

White Beach Incident

Racial conflict leading to drowning of a black man.

Gang Violence

Fighting among white teens escalated to street brawls.

Five-Day Riot

Prolonged violence causing destruction and chaos.

State Militias

Sent to restore order during violent riots.

Marcus Garvey

Leader advocating for African American upliftment.

United Negro Improvement Association

Founded in 1917 for African descent empowerment.

Harlem Renaissance

Cultural movement celebrating African American arts.

Duke Ellington

Influential jazz musician from Washington D.C.

Moving Assembly Line

Revolutionized automobile production for efficiency.

Model T

Affordable car designed for the masses.

Fordism

Economic model emphasizing mass production and consumption.

Harry Bennett

Ford's sociology head, studied worker loyalty.

Installment Plans

Buy now, pay later financing method.

Brand Names

Identifiable labels for consumer products.

Theater Circuits

Standardized performances across multiple venues.

Radio Act of 1927

First regulation of the national radio market.

Great Depression

Severe worldwide economic downturn starting in 1929.

Dust Bowl

Environmental disaster caused by poor farming practices.

Black Thursday

Stock market crash on October 24, 1929.

Layoffs

Permanent job losses during economic downturn.

Breadlines

Soup kitchens providing food during the Depression.