Unit 1 AP Test Review

Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic Perspective

Focusing on the unconscious mind and how it directs behavior. PAST

Biological Perspective

How the brain & body make thought connections, emotions, and memory. BRAIN (chemicals, genes)

Humanistic Perspective

Human growth, potential, and self concept. Being a better person.

Cognitive Perspective

How we take in, store, and retrieve information, and how our perceptions influence our actions. (thinking, memory)

Sociocultural Perspective

Human behavior and how its interpreted in a social and cultural context

Evolutionary Perspective

How natural selection has caused behavior to adapt.

Behaviorist Perspective

How our behavior is shaped by our learning process. (How we learned to fear things, etc.)

Structialist/Introspective Perspective

Study consciousness, how mind was organized and related. Looking inward and considering decisions, thoughts, and feelings.

Ivan Pavlov

Studied conditioning, most famously training a dog to salivate at the sound of a bell.

Behavior

Sigmund Freud

Focused on abnormal behavior, believed all behavior & mental processes are directed by unconscious forces. problems arise from conflict in unconscious mind. Known for free association- saying wtv comes to mind. Ideas were controversial

John B. Watson

Known for behaviorism. Disagreed w/ EVERYONE. Believed psychology should only study what’s observable. Worked with B.F. Skinner

Conditioning

Wilhelm Wundt

Father of psychology. established 1st psychological laboratory in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany. Studied consciousness and how different parts of the mind were related - STRUCTURALISM. Lots of introspection (looking in and considering one’s actions.)

B.F. Skinner

Thought only external factors influenced behavior. Agreed with a lot of the points of John B. Watson

Operational Definition

PRECISE definition of variable being observed so it’s measurable and manageable.

Independent Variable

“Cause” - factor manipulated by experimenter (group 1 gets X, control group doesnt.)

Dependent Variable

“Effect” - factor that may change in response to independent variable.

Placebo

Fake Treatment

Confounding Variable

Anything else that could change the outcome of the experiment (other than independent variable)

Single Blind Study

Participants don’t know what group they’re in (Control or experiment)

Double Blind Study

Nobody knows what group they’re in, participant or person gathering data

Experimental Group

Group that receives treatment

Control Group

Group that doesn’t receive treatment

Representative Sample

Small group that represents bigger population

Stratified Sample

Makes a Representative Sample. Population is divided into relevant subcategories and random sample is taken from each subcategory

Weak Correlation

Less predictive variables, less able to be seen, less correlation

Strong Correlation

More predictive variables- more correlation

Positive Correlation

Two variables increase and decrease TOGETHER. One goes up, other goes up. One goes down, other goes down.

Negative Correlation

Two variables that move in opposite directions. One goes up, other goes down, vice versa.

Perfect Positive Correlation

+1.00

Perfect Negative Correlation

-1.00

What relationship does this correlation have?

-.78

Strong Negative

What relationship does this correlation have?

+.05

Weak Positive

What relationship does this correlation have?

-.43

Weak-ish Negative

Mean

Average of scores made by adding scores and dividing by how many there were.

Median

Middle score in rank distribution

Mode

Most frequently occurring score.

Standard Deviation

Average difference between each score and the mean

Negative skewed distribution

One/few extremely low scores

Postively skewed distribution

One/few extremely high scores

Statistical Significance

Whether or not something is due to just chance or if due to experimental influences. “Did the experiment matter?”

What is most affected by skewness? (Mean, Mode, or Median)

The mean.