WJEC AS Physics Unit 1.2 - Kinematics

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25 Terms

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Speed

Rate of change of distance. S=D/T. Unit=ms^-1

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Average speed

Rate of change of distance calculated over a complete journey.

Mean speed=total distance travelled/total time

Unit;ms^-1

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Instantaneous speed

Speed at a particular instant in time. Rate of change of distance.

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Velocity

Rate of change of displacement. Unit; ms^-1

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Mean velocity

Total displacement/total time taken. Unit; ms^-1

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Instantaneous velocity

Rate of change of displacement at a particular instant in time.

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Acceleration

Rate of change of velocity. Unit; ms^-2

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Mean acceleration

Change in velocity/time taken. Unit: ms^-2

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Instantaneous acceleration

The rate of change of velocity at a particular instant in time. Unit; ms^-2

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Displacement

The shortest distance from A to B, together with the direction. Unit; m

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Terminal velocity

The constant, maximum velocity of an object when the resistive forces on it are equal and opposite to the ‘accelerating’ force (e.g. pull of gravity)

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Displacement-time graphs

  • X-axis; time, t, in seconds

  • Y-axis; displacement, x, in metres

  • Steeper line = higher constant velocity

  • Upwards; travelling at a constant positive speed/velocity

  • Flat; stationary

  • Downwards; negative velocity, going backwards

<ul><li><p>X-axis; time, t, in seconds </p></li><li><p>Y-axis; displacement, x, in metres </p></li><li><p>Steeper line = higher constant velocity </p></li><li><p>Upwards; travelling at a constant positive speed/velocity </p></li><li><p>Flat; stationary </p></li><li><p>Downwards; negative velocity, going backwards </p></li></ul><p></p>
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(Instantaneous) velocity from a displacement-time graph

Gradient of the tangent to the graph at the point

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Average velocity from a displacement-time graph

Divide the change in displacement between the points by the time between them. (x/t)

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Steep line on a displacement-time graph meaning

Higher constant velocity

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Velocity-time graphs

  • Gradient = acceleration

  • Area under the graph = displacement travelled

  • Negative velocity = travelling in the opposite direction to the original motion

<ul><li><p>Gradient = acceleration</p></li><li><p>Area under the graph = displacement travelled</p></li><li><p>Negative velocity = travelling in the opposite direction to the original motion </p></li></ul><p></p>
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Distance travelled from a velocity-time graph with uniform motion

Area under the graph

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Distance travelled from a velocity-time graph with non-uniform motion

Count the squares to estimate the distance travelled

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Equations of uniform acceleration

  • v=u+at

  • x=1/2(v+u)t

  • x=ut+1/2at²

  • v²=u²+2ax

    • a; acceleration (ms^-2)

    • u; initial velocity (ms^-1)

    • v; final velocity (ms^-1)

    • t; time (s)

    • x; displacement (m)

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Deriving v=u+at

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Deriving x=1/2(v+u)t

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Deriving x=ut+1/2at²

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Deriving v²=u²+2ax

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Terminal velocity

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Projectiles