STUPID FREAKING GEOGRAPHY FINAL VOCAB :(

Culture

the material and the immaterial ways of life in a particular group of people

Culture Traits

the building blocks of a culture; visible or invisible attributes that combine to make up a groups culture

Artifacts

tangible objects made by a culture

Sociofacts

the ways in which a culture behaves and organizes institutions

Mentifacts

the ideas, beliefs, values, and knowledge of a culture

Cultural Norms

Agreed upon cultural practices or standards that guide the behavior of a culture

Cultural Taboos

Behaviors heavily discouraged by a culture.

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own culture or ethnic group is superior to others; judging other groups through the lens of one's own culture

cultural relativism

The principle is that an individual human's beliefs and culture should be understood by others in terms of that individual's own culture.

Relative (NOT IN EXAM)

where each person has their own point of view and one is just as important as another. (NOT IN THE EXAM WHATSOEVER)

Cultural hearth

An area where civilization began that radiated its customs, innovations, and ideologies and transformed the world.

environmental determinism

The belief is that the physical environment, especially things like climate and terrain actively shapes culture.

possibilism

the belief that environmental conditions may impact the culture in some ways, but people are the primary architects of culture.

Cultural realms

A large segment of the earth with uniformity in cultural characteristics.

Diffusion

The process by which an innovation or idea spreads from one place to another.

Hearth

The place where an idea/innovation originates

Innovator

A person who is responsible for creating the idea or innovation and initiating the diffusion process

Adopter

A person who accepts or receives the idea or innovation

contagious

One person spreads an idea to multiple people then those people spread it and so on and so forth

hierarchical

The spread of an idea from one key person or node of authority to people with less power and authority (can also work in reverse)

stimulus

Somethings spreads but is changed by the people who adopt the idea/innovation

relocation

The spread of an idea/innovation through the physical movement of people

Distance Decay

The idea that the interaction between two places decrease as the distance between them increase

Time Space Convergence

reduction of time it takes to diffuse something as a result of improved communication and tranportational technologies

cultural convergence

When two cultures become more similar the more they interact

cultural divergence

Cultures become less alike over time due to physical and cultural barriers

Folk culture

Culture that is traditionally practiced primarily by small homogenous groups living in isolated rural areas

Popular culture

Culture found in large heterogenous societies that share certain traits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

cultural landscape

The structure within the physical landscape caused by human activities

ethnic enclave

Relatively small, ethnically, homogenous areas situated within a larger and more diverse cultural context

gender roles

The role or behavior learned by a person as appropriate to their gender, determined by prevailing cultural norms

gendered spaces

areas in which particular genders, and particular types of gender expressions, are considered welcome or appropriate, and other types are unwelcome or inappropriate.

Indigenous reservation

An area set aside by the government for the exclusive use of indigenous peoples.

sequent occupancy

The notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape.

Monotheistic

worship of one god

Polytheistic

Worship of multiple gods

Ethnic Religion

Religions that consist of beliefs and rituals handed down from one generation to the next. They do not attempt to appeal to all people just one group within a place or ethnicity.

Universalizing Religion

Religions that offer belief systems that are attractive to a universal population. They actively seek new members, will accept anyone, and have a diverse makeup.

Charter Group

the first group to establish cultural and religious customs in a space

Diaspora

When people of one religious or cultural group are dispersed to various locations.

Missionary

An individual who helps to diffuse a universalizing religion

Animism

The belief commonly found in Ethnic African Religions that natural objects, (stones, plants, etc.) and events (storms earthquakes, etc. have a soul.

Secularism

The separation of religion from civil affairs

Theocracy

A form of government in which a deity is viewed as the ultimate authority

Fundamentalism

A type of religious movement characterized by strict conformity to a religious text.

Linguist

People who study languages

Language Family

A collection of languages related through a common ancestry that existed long before recorded history.

language branch

a collection of languages within a family, related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago.

language group

a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relativity recent past and display similarities in grammar and vocabulary.

Official Language

A language designated by a country as the one used by the government for laws, reports, and public objects.

Dialect

A regional variation of language distinguished by unique vocabulary, pronunciation and spelling.

Received Pronunciation

The standard form of British-English Pronunciation

Isogloss

A word usage boundaries determined by data collected directly from people

Pidgin Language

A simplified from of a language that allows speakers of two different languages to communicate.

Creolized language

A language that results from the mixing of a colonizers language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated

Lingua Franca

A language of international communication.

Isolated Language

A language unrelated to any other and therefore not attached to any language family

Endangered Language

A language in danger of becoming extinct

Extinct Language

A language that is no longer spoken or used in daily activities by anyone in the world

Revived Language

A language that was extinct but has come back into daily use

Acculturation

The adoption of cultural traits such as language by one group under the influence of another while still maintaining elements of their own culture

Assimilation

The absorbing of one cultural group into another. When this happens, one group can no longer be distinguished from another dominant group

Syncretism

When traits from two different cultures fuse and become a new cultural trait

Multiculturalism

The coexistence of multiple cultures in a society, all being accepted

Nativism

The bias for people native to your country compared to immigrants

Ethnicity

A group of people that have a common ancestry or culture.

centripetal force

a force that unites people together leading to the strengthening of a state

Centrifugal force

A force that divides people or prevents them from coming together, weakening the state

Ethnic cleansing

the forced removal of a major ethnic group from a territory

Genocide

the deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation with the aim of destroying that group

\# of followers for Christianity

2 billion (largest)

\# of followers for Islam

1.5 billion (2nd largest)

\# of followers for Hinduism

1 billion (3rd largest)

\# of followers for Buddhism

350 million (4th largest)

\# of followers for Sikhism

30 millions (5th largest)

\# of followers for Judaism

14 million

Terms for followers

Christians, Muslims, Hindus, Buddhists, Sikhs, Jews

Branches/Denominations of Christianity

Catholics, Orthodox, Protestants

Branches/Denominations of Islam

Sunni, Shia

Branches/Denominations of Hinduism

Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, Smartism

Branches/Denominations of Buddhism

Theravada, Mahayana, Vajrayana

Branches/Denominations of Sikhism

Udasi, Nirmala, Nanakpanthi, Khalsa, Sahajhari, Namadari Kuka, Nirankari, Sarvaria

Branches/Denominations of Judaism

Orthodox, Conservative, Reformed

Sacred text of Christianity

The Bible

Sacred text of Islam

Koran/Quran

Sacred text of Hinduism

The Vedas (book of knowlegde)

Sacred text of Buddhism

Tripitika

Sacred text of Sikhism

The Guru Granth Sahib

Sacred text of Judaism

Torah

Key Ideas of Christianity

Jesus is the son of god and the savior of humanity; core values are outlined in the ten commandments

Key Ideas of Islam

Allah revealed his teachings through a series of prophets, the last being Muhammad

Key Ideas of Hinduism

Believe in the value of meditation, karma, and reincarnation, associated with the caste system

Key Ideas of Buddhism

Key belief is reincarnation; followers pursue Nirvana (the ultimate enlightenment)

Key Ideas of Sikhism

Meditation upon and devotion to the Creator, truthful living, and service to humanity

Key Ideas of Judaism

There is one god who wants people to do what is jus t and passionate

Monotheistic or Polytheistic: Christianity

Monotheistic

Monotheistic or Polytheistic: Islam

Monotheistic

Monotheistic or Polytheistic: Hinduism

Polytheistic

Monotheistic or Polytheistic: Buddhism

Neither

Monotheistic or Polytheistic: Sihkism

Monotheistic