Studied by 19 people
What effect did Black Power, Malcolm X, Stokely Charmichael and the Black Panthers have during the Civil Rights movement>
Black Natl - against white tyranny but split Civil Rights movement (Black Power)
Malcolm X - changed the way AA community saw protests
Charmichael & Black Panthers - paramilitary organization to protect AA from police brutality (some thought they were barbaric but they were actually the victims)
Who is Eliohah Muhammad? What is the Nation of Islam?
Nation of Islam - black separatist group
Eliohah Muhammad - leader of Nation of Islam
De Facto Segregation vs. De Jure Segregation
De Facto - segregation by practice
De Jure - segregation by law
How did forced busing in 1968 address the problem of De Facto Segregation?
forced busing of minorities allowed for all groups, suburbs/inner cities residents to attend school (De Facto)
SNCC
Goal: to empower, mobilize young people (esp in civil rights) through non-violent direct action
CORE
Goal: challenge segregation with nonviolence, advocated for econ justice
*Freedom Riders*
March on Washington
Freedom Riders
Goal: challenge segregation laws, test/enforce federal laws, raising awareness, inspire Nonviolent Direct Action
buses burnt by the KKK
inspired by Rosa Parks
MLK - Birmingham
MLK was arrested in Birmingham
wrote Letter from Birmingham jail (criticized inaction)
addresses leaders, AA community, white moderates
Freedom Sumer in 1964
addressed racial inequality & voter suppresion
voter Registration empowers political rights
education & empowerment
schools, AA history, Civil Rights
exposing Justice
SNCC/CORE fight racial segregation together
Why did the civil rights leaders propose a March on Washington?
A. Philip Randolph: protest segregation, lack of voting rights and unemployment
blacks unable to get jobs in the Defense sector
How did souther colleges like University of Mississippi and University of Alabama become integrated?
Riots prevented James Meredith from going to college (Mississippi) so JFK sent the US Army
The Governor of Alabama stood in the way of black students from entering college so JFK sent the National Guard to escort the students inside
What were the results of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
prohibits discrimination based on race, skin color, routine of origin, gender, and religion
outlawed Jim Crow Laws
What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965?
enforced 15th Amendment
outlawed discriminatory voting practices (adapted in Southern states)
What factors affected the election of 1960?
television viewers (favored JFK)
radio listeners (favored Nixon)
What domestic programs did President Kennedy pursue?
established NASA for Space Exploration
New Frontier
support education
anti-poverty
increased medical care
decreased taxes
minimum wage raised
against racial segregation
increased defense spending
protect unemployed
Explain the goals of the Bay of Pigs invasion and what was the outcome?
Goal: organize and train 14000 Cuban exiles to invade Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro
Situation worsens: Soviet Union & Cuba closer b/c US failed attack
What were Kennedy’s policy options during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
started when the Soviet Union put nuclear weapons in Cuba
JFK ordered a naval quarantine of Cuba and demanded immediate removal of the Soviet Union’s nuclear weapons
JFK’s deal to USSR:
If the USSR takes the missiles out of Cuba, then the US will take missiles out of Turkey
What were the findings of the Warren Commission’s investigation?
Oswald was the lone assassin
but people believed the conspiracy theory that the CIA was responsible b/c they were unhappy with JFK’s failed Bay of Pigs invasion
What were some of the goals and programs of the Great Society including Medicare, Medicaid and Head Start?
Medicaid (for low-income families)
Medicare (for people older than 65)
Head Start (break the cycle of poverty)
Education Act, Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, Food Stamp Act and more
Education Act (ensures that every school has resources to teach everyone equally)
Civil Rights Act of 1964
Voting Rights Act of 1965
Urban Development
Food Stamp Act 1965 (for low income families to get food)
How did the Immigration Act of 1965 change the characteristics of the makeup of the United States?
ended favoring immigrants, family-based immigration, more diverse, economic advancements
What was the background of the women’s movement and the book the Femine Mystique?
Background
2nd wave of feminism
post-war: women did not want to go back to traditional roles
Femine Mystique
classic of women’s protest literature
pushed 2nd wave of critics (frustration expressed)
about how women did not want to go back to traditional roles
What was the impact of feminism on Roe v. Wade & ERA
Roe v. Wade
abortion legal in all states
safe abortion part of reproductive healthcare
advocated for reproductive rights
ERA
14th Amendment extended
passed Congress but failed in 1980s
What were the goals of NOW?
greater opportunities in education and equal pay
advocated ERA, argued for fair settlements
What gains did women make in education, the professions, politics, and sports in the 70s & 80s?
Education:
1972: affirmative action
all-male colleges now open to women enrolling
Professions:
two career families more normal in society now
Politics:
Sandra Day O’Connor: 1st SC Justice
Geraldine Ferraro: 1st woman on President Ticket
Sports:
Title XI: guaranteed equal rights in sports
What social changes were promoted by the counterculture?
Civil Rights and Racial Equality
Anti-war sentiments/activism
women’s liberation, new feminist movements
environmentalism, sexual liberation
How did music both reflect and contribute to the cultural change of this era?
John Lennon & Bob Dylan
music about civil rights, social changes
The Beatles
Genre Blending
African American influences (R&B, Funk)
What forces led to the rise of the “New Left“ and campus radicalism?
anti-war sentiments
television (showing/seeing news)
conformity, status quo
did not want traditional lives
kids did not want to live with their parents
Explain the ways many young Americans resisted the draft?
draft card burns
conscientious objection (Muhammad Ali)
Chicanos
Leaders: César Chávez
led the United Farm Workers
Impact:
unequal opportunities, education barriers, unionized industries but still not enough until (ignited political movement)
faced police brutality
wanted education & political equality
youth organization: sit-ins, walk-out
César Chávez: pensions should go up, farms union
Reies López Tijerina: return annexed land from Mexico in 1848
Asians
AAPA: Yellow Power
programs in colleges/universities
Impact:
political equality: against stereotypes
encouraged Asian American activism, history
Native Americans
Background:
terminated laws of 1953: withdrew tribal recognition, encouraged assimilation
AIM:
racial inequality, advocating for indigenous rights
Militant Organization
faced police brutality
“Wounded Knee”
SC: US v. Wheeler (1975): recognized tribe activity, impose taxes
Gays
Mattiochie Foundation
documentaries, films, articles
NYC sip-ins
The Stonewall Inn
police harrassment b/c of gay bars
Impact
people began “coming out“
many voted for openly gay officials who ended up taking office
What efforts, reforms, and legislation was introduced in the 1960s and 1970 to protect the environment?
Earth Day (April 22)
Wisconsin Senator introduced this to educate people about the environment
led to an Environmental Act
National Environmental Policy Act (1970)
acknowledged that pollution exists
finding impacts on the issue
Clean Air Act (1970)
established standard
regulate air emissions
Clean Water Act (1972)
ensure water quality
maintain water
Endangered Species Act (1973)
species of habitats must be protected
Why was the Environmental Protection Agency created?
established by Nixon
to better public health
protect and maintain the environment
to reduce pollution
Note 
Flashcard (50)