APUSH - All About the 60s

What effect did Black Power, Malcolm X, Stokely Charmichael and the Black Panthers have during the Civil Rights movement>

• Black Natl - against white tyranny but split Civil Rights movement (Black Power)

• Malcolm X - changed the way AA community saw protests

• Charmichael & Black Panthers - paramilitary organization to protect AA from police brutality (some thought they were barbaric but they were actually the victims)

Who is Eliohah Muhammad? What is the Nation of Islam?

• Nation of Islam - black separatist group

• Eliohah Muhammad - leader of Nation of Islam

De Facto Segregation vs. De Jure Segregation

De Facto - segregation by practice

De Jure - segregation by law

How did forced busing in 1968 address the problem of De Facto Segregation?

forced busing of minorities allowed for all groups, suburbs/inner cities residents to attend school (De Facto)

SNCC

Goal: to empower, mobilize young people (esp in civil rights) through non-violent direct action

CORE

Goal: challenge segregation with nonviolence, advocated for econ justice

• *Freedom Riders*

• March on Washington

Freedom Riders

Goal: challenge segregation laws, test/enforce federal laws, raising awareness, inspire Nonviolent Direct Action

• buses burnt by the KKK

• inspired by Rosa Parks

MLK - Birmingham

• MLK was arrested in Birmingham

• wrote Letter from Birmingham jail (criticized inaction)

  • addresses leaders, AA community, white moderates

Freedom Sumer in 1964

addressed racial inequality & voter suppresion

• voter Registration empowers political rights

education & empowerment

• schools, AA history, Civil Rights

exposing Justice

• SNCC/CORE fight racial segregation together

Why did the civil rights leaders propose a March on Washington?

A. Philip Randolph: protest segregation, lack of voting rights and unemployment

• blacks unable to get jobs in the Defense sector

How did souther colleges like University of Mississippi and University of Alabama become integrated?

• Riots prevented James Meredith from going to college (Mississippi) so JFK sent the US Army

• The Governor of Alabama stood in the way of black students from entering college so JFK sent the National Guard to escort the students inside

What were the results of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?

• prohibits discrimination based on race, skin color, routine of origin, gender, and religion

• outlawed Jim Crow Laws

What was the Voting Rights Act of 1965?

• enforced 15th Amendment

  • outlawed discriminatory voting practices (adapted in Southern states)

What factors affected the election of 1960?

• television viewers (favored JFK)

• radio listeners (favored Nixon)

What domestic programs did President Kennedy pursue?

• established NASA for Space Exploration

• New Frontier

  • support education

  • anti-poverty

  • increased medical care

  • decreased taxes

  • minimum wage raised

  • against racial segregation

  • increased defense spending

  • protect unemployed

Explain the goals of the Bay of Pigs invasion and what was the outcome?

Goal: organize and train 14000 Cuban exiles to invade Cuba to overthrow Fidel Castro

Situation worsens: Soviet Union & Cuba closer b/c US failed attack

What were Kennedy’s policy options during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

• started when the Soviet Union put nuclear weapons in Cuba

• JFK ordered a naval quarantine of Cuba and demanded immediate removal of the Soviet Union’s nuclear weapons

• JFK’s deal to USSR:

  • If the USSR takes the missiles out of Cuba, then the US will take missiles out of Turkey

What were the findings of the Warren Commission’s investigation?

• Oswald was the lone assassin

• but people believed the conspiracy theory that the CIA was responsible b/c they were unhappy with JFK’s failed Bay of Pigs invasion

What were some of the goals and programs of the Great Society including Medicare, Medicaid and Head Start?

• Medicaid (for low-income families)

• Medicare (for people older than 65)

• Head Start (break the cycle of poverty)

Education Act, Civil Rights Act, Voting Rights Act, Food Stamp Act and more

• Education Act (ensures that every school has resources to teach everyone equally)

• Civil Rights Act of 1964

• Voting Rights Act of 1965

• Urban Development

• Food Stamp Act 1965 (for low income families to get food)

How did the Immigration Act of 1965 change the characteristics of the makeup of the United States?

ended favoring immigrants, family-based immigration, more diverse, economic advancements

What was the background of the women’s movement and the book the Femine Mystique?

Background

• 2nd wave of feminism

• post-war: women did not want to go back to traditional roles

Femine Mystique

• classic of women’s protest literature

  • pushed 2nd wave of critics (frustration expressed)

  • about how women did not want to go back to traditional roles

What was the impact of feminism on Roe v. Wade & ERA

Roe v. Wade

• abortion legal in all states

• safe abortion part of reproductive healthcare

• advocated for reproductive rights

ERA

• 14th Amendment extended

• passed Congress but failed in 1980s

What were the goals of NOW?

• greater opportunities in education and equal pay

• advocated ERA, argued for fair settlements

What gains did women make in education, the professions, politics, and sports in the 70s & 80s?

Education:

• 1972: affirmative action

• all-male colleges now open to women enrolling

Professions:

• two career families more normal in society now

Politics:

• Sandra Day O’Connor: 1st SC Justice

• Geraldine Ferraro: 1st woman on President Ticket

Sports:

• Title XI: guaranteed equal rights in sports

What social changes were promoted by the counterculture?

• Civil Rights and Racial Equality

• Anti-war sentiments/activism

• women’s liberation, new feminist movements

• environmentalism, sexual liberation

How did music both reflect and contribute to the cultural change of this era?

• John Lennon & Bob Dylan

• music about civil rights, social changes

• The Beatles

• Genre Blending

• African American influences (R&B, Funk)

What forces led to the rise of the “New Left“ and campus radicalism?

• anti-war sentiments

• television (showing/seeing news)

• conformity, status quo

• did not want traditional lives

• kids did not want to live with their parents

Explain the ways many young Americans resisted the draft?

• draft card burns

• conscientious objection (Muhammad Ali)

Chicanos

Leaders: César Chávez

• led the United Farm Workers

Impact:

• unequal opportunities, education barriers, unionized industries but still not enough until (ignited political movement)

  • faced police brutality

  • wanted education & political equality

  • youth organization: sit-ins, walk-out

• César Chávez: pensions should go up, farms union

• Reies López Tijerina: return annexed land from Mexico in 1848

Asians

AAPA: Yellow Power

• programs in colleges/universities

Impact:

• political equality: against stereotypes

• encouraged Asian American activism, history

Native Americans

Background:

• terminated laws of 1953: withdrew tribal recognition, encouraged assimilation

AIM:

• racial inequality, advocating for indigenous rights

• Militant Organization

  • faced police brutality

• “Wounded Knee”

  • SC: US v. Wheeler (1975): recognized tribe activity, impose taxes

Gays

Mattiochie Foundation

• documentaries, films, articles

• NYC sip-ins

The Stonewall Inn

• police harrassment b/c of gay bars

Impact

• people began “coming out“

• many voted for openly gay officials who ended up taking office

What efforts, reforms, and legislation was introduced in the 1960s and 1970 to protect the environment?

• Earth Day (April 22)

  • Wisconsin Senator introduced this to educate people about the environment

    • led to an Environmental Act

• National Environmental Policy Act (1970)

  • acknowledged that pollution exists

  • finding impacts on the issue

• Clean Air Act (1970)

  • established standard

  • regulate air emissions

• Clean Water Act (1972)

  • ensure water quality

  • maintain water

• Endangered Species Act (1973)

  • species of habitats must be protected

Why was the Environmental Protection Agency created?

• established by Nixon

• to better public health

• protect and maintain the environment

• to reduce pollution