Ch 3 - Muscular system key terms

abdominal muscles

rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis

Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Adduction

Movement toward the midline of the body

Adhesion

An attraction between molecules of different substances

agoinst

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response

analgesic

drug that relieves pain

Antagonist

A character or force in conflict with the main character

anti-inflamatory

a drug that reduces inflammation

antispasmodic

administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder

ataxia

lack of muscle coordination

atrophy

(n.) the wasting away of a body organ or tissue; any progressive decline or failure; (v.) to waste away

Automaticity

The ability of the heart to generate and conduct electrical impulses on its own.

biceps brachii

flexes forearm

biceps femoris

extends thigh and flexes leg

biopsy

the removal of living tissue from the body for diagnostic examination

cardiac muscle

Involuntary muscle tissue found only in the heart.

carpel tunnel syndrome (CTS)

compression of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist

Circumduction

circular movement of a limb at the far end

Computerized Tomography (CT)

the use of a device that employs a computer to analyze data obtained by a scanning beam of X-rays to produce a two-dimensional picture of a "slice" through the body

Contractility

ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated

contracture

the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues

deep tendon reflexes (DTR)

involuntary muscle contraction in response to striking muscle tendon with reflex hammer; test used to determine whether muscles respond properly

Deltoid

curve of shoulder formed by large deltoid muscle

Depression

lowering a body part

Dorsiflexion

bending of the foot or the toes upward

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A human genetic disease caused by a sex-linked recessive allele; characterized by progressive weakening and a loss of muscle tissue.

dystaxia

difficulty in controlling voluntary movement

Elasticity

The ability of a material to bounce back after being disturbed

electromyogram

record of the electrical activity in a muscle

Elevation

raising a body part

Endomysium

Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber

Epimysium

surrounds entire muscle

Eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward

excitibility

ability to respond to stimuli

exercise physiologist

a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness

Extensibility

ability to be stretched

extension

Straightening a body part

fascia

a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle

fascitis

inflammation of the fascia

Flaccidity

loss of muscle tone, limp

Flexion

bending a joint

Frontalis

raises eyebrows

Gastrocnemius

Calf muscle

gluteus maximus

butt

gluteus medius

abducts thigh

Goniometry

Measurement of joint motion

hemiparesis

slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body

hemiplegia

paralysis on one side

Hyperextension

extension beyond anatomical position

hypertrophy

increase in muscle size

hypotonia

reduced muscle tone or tension

impingement syndrome

occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint

Insertion

A mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene.

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward

involuntary muscle

A muscle that is not under conscious control.

latissimus dorsi

Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm; draws the shoulder downward and backward

leiomyoma

benign tumor of smooth muscle

leimyosarcoma

malignant tumor of smooth muscle

Ligament

Connects bone to bone

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain

muscle

tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body

muscle fiber

a single muscle cell

muscular dystrophy (MD)

group of hereditary diseases characterized by degeneration of muscle and weakness

muscluar system function

myalgia

muscle pain

myasthenia gravis (MG)

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles

myocele

the herniation of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it

myolysis

degeneration of muscle tissue

myoma

muscle tumor

myomalacia

abnormal softening of muscle tissue

myoparesis

weakness or slight muscular paralysis

myoplasty

surgical repair of a muscle

myorrhexis

rupture of a muscle

myositis

inflammation of muscle

narcotic

drug that relieves pain and induces sleep

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

large group of drugs that provide mild pain relief and anti-inflammatory benefits for conditions such as arthritis

nuclear medicine imaging

radionuclide organ imaging

origin

attachment of a muscle that remains relatively fixed during muscular contraction

paraplegia

paralysis from the waist down

Parenthesis

insertion of some verbal unit in a position that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentence

pectoralis major

Adducts and flexes humerus

Perimysium

Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle

physical therapy

treatment to prevent disability or to restore functioning through the use of exercise

plantar fasciitis

an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot

plantar flexion

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

Pronation

turning the palm downward

quadriplegia

paralysis of all four limbs

radiography

process of recording x-rays

Range of Motion (ROM)

the movement of a joint to the extent possible without causing pain

range of motion therapy

exercises performed to improve or maintain joint mobility and flexibility

rectus femoris

extends leg at knee

rest, ice, compression, elevation/RICE

most common first aid treatment of muscular injuries

rhabdomyoma

benign tumor of striated muscle

rigor

thoroughness

Rotation

CIRCULAR MOVEMENT AROUND AN AXIS

sarcopenia

the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that comes with aging

Sartorius

Flexes, abducts, and laterally rotates thigh at the hip; flexes knee

shin splints

soreness on the front of the leg due to straining the anterior leg muscles, often as a result of walking up and down hills

skeletal muscle

A muscle that is attached to the bones of the skeleton and provides the force that moves the bones.

smooth muscle

Involuntary muscle found inside many internal organs of the body