Test 2 Study Guide Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards based on concepts and terms from the lecture notes.

Population

The entire group of individuals to which a study's findings apply.

Sample

A subset of the population used in a study.

Stratum

A subgroup of a population sharing similar characteristics.

Non-probability sampling

Sampling technique where not every element of the population has an opportunity to be selected.

Convenience sampling

Sampling based on ease of access to participants.

Purposive sampling

Selecting sample members to conform to a set of criteria

Snowball sampling

Existing study subjects recruit future subjects from among their acquaintances.

Representative sampling

A subset of a population that seeks to accurately reflect the characteristics of the larger group.

Quota sampling

Sampling in which selection of participants is based on pre-set number or percentage.

Probability sampling

A sampling technique in which sample from a larger population are chosen using a method based on the theory of probability

Stratified sampling

A method of sampling from a population which can be partitioned into subpopulations

Cluster sampling

A sampling plan used when mutually homogeneous yet internally heterogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical population

Generalization

Applying results from a sample to the broader population.

Random sample

A subset of individuals randomly selected by researchers to represent an entire group as a whole

Volunteer bias

Systematic errors that happen when the people who volunteer to be in research studies are somehow different from the people who do not volunteer

Role playing

Simulation of real-world scenarios for research.

Behavioral categories

Specific groups or actions defined for systematic observation.

Frequency method

Counting the instances of a particular behavior.

Duration method

Measuring the length of time a behavior occurs.

Time sampling

Observing behavior at specific time intervals.

Event sampling

Recording specific events or behaviors when they occur.

Interval method

Recording whether a behavior occurs within a specific interval.

Interrater reliability

The extent to which different raters agree in their observations.

Cohen’s Kappa

A statistical measure of inter-rater reliability.

Intraclass correlation coefficient

A measure of the reliability of measurements or ratings.

Quantitative data

Numerical data.

Qualitative data

Descriptive, non-numerical data.

Naturalistic observation

Observing behavior in its natural setting.

Grounded theory

An inductive approach to generating theory from data.

Ethnography

Study of a culture or group through immersion.

Participant observation

Researcher actively involved in observed group.

Nonparticipant observation

Researcher observes without active involvement.

Sociometry

Quantitative method for assessing social relationships

Sociogram

A graphic representation of social links.

Case history

In-depth analysis of an individual or situation.

Archival research

Analyzing existing records or data.

Content analysis

Systematic analysis of communication content.

Meta-analysis

A quantitative synthesis of multiple studies.

Funnel plot

Graphical device for detecting bias in meta-analysis.

Questionnaire

A set of questions for gathering information.

Cantril scale

A self-anchoring striving scale.

Open ended item

Question format that permits the respondent to supply their own answer without response options

Restricted item

Provide response options (e.g., multiple choice)

Partially open-ended item

Provide (closed) response options but also an open-ended 'other' option

Rating scale

A scale with multiple points.

Demographics

Statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.

Nonresponse bias

Occurs when people who do not respond to a survey differ in significant ways from those who do respond.

Likert scale

Presents a statement and asks respondents to specify their level of agreement or disagreement on a scale

Mail survey

A paper and pencil survey which is mailed to participants

Internet survey

A survey that participants can access through the web

Telephone survey

A survey in which an interviewer questions respondents over the telephone

Face-to-face interview

A direct, in person questioning of a participant

Mixed-mode survey

Combination of survey methods.

Sampling error

Difference between the sample and population values.

Validity

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

Reliability

Consistency of measurement.

Cross-lagged panel procedure

Correlation between 2 variables is measured at 2 points in time

Mediation

Explains the relationship between the IV and DV

Independent variable

Variable that is manipulated.

Dependent variable

Variable that is measured.

Confound

Extraneous variable that systematically varies with the IV.

Control variables

Variables kept constant to avoid confounding.

Between-subjects design

Different participants in each condition.

Within-subjects design

Same participants in all conditions.

Single-subject design

Research design using a single participant.

Error variance

Variability within each group.

T-test

A statistical test used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two groups.

ANOVA

Analysis of variance; statistical test for comparing means of multiple groups.

Carryover effect

The effects of one treatment condition are still present when the participant is exposed to the second condition

Conterbalancing

Varying the order of conditions

Factorial design

An experimental design with more than one independent variable.

Main effect

The effect of one IV on the DV, irrespective of other IVs.

Interaction

The combined effect of two or more IVs is different from the sum of their separate effects.

Primary source

Original research or data.

Secondary source

Summarizes or interprets primary sources.

Running head

A shortened version of the title of a paper.

Abstract

Summary of the study.

Introduction

Background and purpose of the study.

Method section

Details of how the study was conducted.

Participants subsection

Description of the study's participants.

Apparatus subsection

Description of equipment used in the study.

Procedure subsection

Step-by-step description of the study's process.

Results section

Presentation of the study's findings.

Discussion

Interpretation of the study's results.

Limitation

Shortcomings of the research

Plagiarism

Presenting someone else's work as your own.