Studied by 159 people
Andrew Johnson
President during the reconstruction era (1865-1869). •Ordered land that had been distributed to freed slaves in South Carolina and Georgia returned to its former owners •Gave slaves the right to vote •Issued a series of proclamations that offered a pardon to nearly all white southerners who took an oath of allegiance to the union
14th Amendment
Prohibited states from abridging the privileges or immunities of citizens or denying any person the "equal protection of the laws"
15th Amendment
Prohibited the federal and state governments from denying any citizen the right to vote because of race.
Ulysses S. Grant
President from 1869-1877 •Adapted three enforcement acts allowing terrorist societies and allowing the president to use the army against them •Arrested KKK Klansmen
Compromise of 1877
Behind the scenes negotiations that took place that recognized Hayes as the president. However, Hayes had to agree to recognize Democratic control of the entire south and to avoid further intervention in local affairs. In return, the Democrats promised not to dispute Hayes' right to office and respect the civil and political rights of Blacks.
Summary of Chapter 15: Reconstruction, 1865-1877/Prompt 1: Was Reconstruction a success or a failure? Or was it something in between
All former confederate states were admitted to the union, nearly all under Republican control. The government passed many laws and amendments advancing the conditions of former African American slaves in the country ranging from voting rights, to "freedom" and protection. The divide between the Northern Republicans and the Southern Democrats only grossed bigger, as they disagreed on the way the country should be ran, as well as the ways blacks should be treated.
Despite efforts from reconstruction, many blacks remained in poverty (sharecropping, crop lien, failure to distribute land, black codes), the country fell into an economic depression (governments gambled their economic growth on railroads and failed), corruption ran rampant (bribery, get-rich quick schemes) and women failed to receive any notable rights.
Andrew Carnegie
Famous business man and philanthropist famous for writing the "Gospel of Wealth". He was also known for using vertical integration and by the 1890's, he dominated the steel industry and accumulate millions of dollars. He famously denounced the worship of money.
Robber Barrons
Businessmen who wield power without any accountability. Some considered Carnegie and Rockefeller robberbarons.
Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
Federal action that barred combinations in restraint of trade. It was intended to prevent business mergers that shifted competition. Instead, it was used by judges to issue injunctions prohibiting strikes on the grounds that they illegally interfered with the freedom of trade
Lochner v. New York
A 1905 case, in which the Supreme Court voided a state law establishing a 10 hour per day as the maximum hours of work
The Second Industrial Revolution
Between the end of the civil war and the early 20th century, America underwent one of the most rapid and profound economic revolutions any country has ever experienced.
The country enjoyed abundant natural resources, a growing supply of labor, an expanding market for manufactured goods, and the availability of capital for investment. A remarkable series of technological innovations spurred rapid communication and economic growth.
Elk v. Wilkins
1884 Supreme Court case which questioned whether any Indian had achieved the degree of civilization required of citizens
Prompt 2: What might account for the emergence of a mythic "Wild" West during the Gilded Age?
Capitalism dramatically penetrated the trans-Mississippi west, which contained vast, and trackless space. Railroads encouraged emigration to the west by both Americans and Immigrants so that they could see real estate to settlers. The West became known as a place of rugged individualism and study independence. A collection of white, Mexican, and black cowboy men became symbols of freedom throughout the west.
With the emergence of technological advancements, came movies. The rapid migration to the west allowed for many people to view these movies. Hollywood drew inspiration from the western Cowboy way of life and made them into the themes of many Hollywood movies. They facilitated in creating the image of the "wild" west, a lawless place ruled by cowboys and Indians, with gunfights and stagecoach robberies. This brought a romanticized image of the West to audiences in the east, as well as overseas.
Populists Party
Originally established from the Farmer Alliance, the group was founded in 1892 and advocated for many reform issues, including free coinage of silver, income tax, postal savings, regulation of railroads, and direct election of U.S. senators.
The Populist Platform proposed: the government control of the currency, a graduated income tax, and the recognition of the right of workers to form labor unions
Populist Movement
Millions of farmers joined the populist movement in an attempt to reverse their declining economic prospects and to reduce the government from control by corporate interests
Cross of Gold Speech
A famous speech given by Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryon. In the speech, Bryon used Christian imagery and demanded for the free coinage of silver. He believed that increasing the amount of currency in circulation would raise the prices farmers received for their crops and make it easier to pay for their debts.
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 Supreme Court case where the court gave its approval to state laws requiring separate facilities for blacks and whites, resulting in the infamous "separate but equal". Facilities for blacks were either non-existent, or markedly inferior.
United States v. Want Kim
1898 Supreme Court case where the court ruled that the 14th amendment award citizenship to children of Chinese immigration born on American soil.
William McKinley
President from 1897-1901 •Declared war on Spain to old Cuba.
Spanish-American War
War between United States and Spain and was considered "a splendid little war". Began after Spain refused American demand for cease-fire and Cuban independence.
The purpose of the war was to aid Cuban patriots in their struggle for liberty and freedom. The States eventually gained possession of many small overseas empires (Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guam)
Platt Amendment
Authorized the United States to intervene militarily whenever it saw fit
Summary of Chapter 17: Freedom's Boundaries at home and abroad
From 1890-1900's, the country saw the rise of the Populist Party, which proposed many reforms including government control of the currency, and the right of workers to form labor unions. The south still remained segregated, and enacted policies to combat the effects of Reconstruction. Many blacks still suffered. This period also formed the "new south", in which multiple southern states had an era of prosperity based on industrial expansion and agricultural diversification. Immigrants also faced resistance ranging from the loss of voting rights, and obtaining a negative perception. America began to grow into a world/imperical power.
Oregon System
Reforms (Initiative, Referendum, Recall) that sought to weaken the power of political bosses and transfer it to ordinary citizens
New Republic
Consisted of editor Herbert Croly, whose magazine proposed a new synthesis of American political traditions
Teddy Roosevelt
President from 1901-1909 (Progressive Era) •Created the square deal, which attempted to confront the problems caused by economic consolidation by distinguishing between good and bad corporations •Started conservation movement, which aimed to preserve parts of the natural environment from economic exploitation
Summary of Chapter 18: The Progressive Era, 1900-1916
During the early decades of the 20th century, America witnessed tremendous economic expansion with the influx of new jobs and consumer goods. The population rose with the movement of immigrants. Industrial production continued to soar, and America developed into a consumer society.
Woodrow Wilson
President from 1913-1921 •His foreign policy (Liberal Internationalism) rested on the conviction economic and political progress go hand in hand •His moral imperialism produced more military interventions in Latin America than the foreign policy of any president •Issued the Fourteen points, the clearest statement of American war aims and of his new vision of a new international order •Endorsed votes for women
Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
Held that the United States had the right to exercise an international police power in the Western hemisphere
Axis Powers (WWI)
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
18th Amendment
Passed in 1920, and prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquors
19th Amendment
Passed in 1920, and barred states from using sex as a qualification for the suffrage (gave women the right to vote)
Espionage Act of 1917
Prohibited not only spying and interfering with the draft, but also false statements that might impede military success
Sedition Act of 1918
Made it a crime to make statements that condemned the government, or advanced interference with the war effort
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Created by Du Bois. The organization launched a long struggle for the enforcement of the 14th and 15th Amendment
Great Migration
Large-scale migration of southern blacks during and after WWI to the north, where jobs had become available during the labor shortage of the war years
Summary of Chapter 19: Safe for Democracy: The US & WWI, 1916-1920
Definitions of freedom and democracy started to change for various demographics throughout the country as the United States entered into the battlefield. Blacks still struggled politically and economically, while women gained the rights to vote. Progressive values started to overtake the country, labor uprising increased, and America exited the war with an enduring impact on the definition of freedom abroad. As well as the promotion of American interests and values, that would go on to create the model for future international relations.
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)
Formed in 1920. It's efforts helped to give meaning to traditional civil liberties (freedom of speech) and invented new ones, like the right to privacy.
Teapot Dome
Harding administration scandal where Secretary Albert B. Fall profited from the screw leasing to private oil companies of government oil reserves at Teapot Dome.
Warren G. Harding
President from 1921-1923 •His administration became one of the most corrupt in American history •Pro-business
Meyer v. Nebraska
1928 Supreme Court Case where the Court ruled that government wiretapping without a warrant did not violate constitutional protections
Fundamentalism
Anti-modernist Protestant movement that proclaimed the literal truth of the Bible. Became an important strain of 1920's culture and politics
Harlem Renaissance
A new spirit of racial pride and protest voiced by Black writers, poets, and artists
Herbert Hoover
President from 1929-1933 (Great Depression) •Supported Prohibition •Favored better law enforcement laws •His response to the Depression seemed inadequate and uncaring •Strongly opposed direct federal intervention in the economy
Prompt 3: Critically assess whether the 1920s can be characterized as a beneficial decade for women, considering the diversity of women's experience
Women activists lost the bond of unity after the passing of the 19th Amendment. Black feminists demanded to remove the poll tax and literary tests in the south, to which very few White feminists agreed with.
Later on, the long-standing division between two conceptions of woman's freedom - one based on motherhood, the other on individual autonomy and the right work - now crystalized in the debate over an Equal Rights Amendment. The ERA would remove all distinctions between male and female, removing any "special protection". On the other hand, the ERA would remove mothers' pensions, and laws limiting women's working hours. Ultimately, the ERA campaign was unsuccessful.
Despite this, female activism gained mainstream appeal with the rising popularity of the flapper, a symbol of cultural rebellion against Prohibition.
House Un-American Activities Committee
Committee formed in 1938 to investigate subversives in the government and holders of radical ideas more generally
Bonus Army
Group of WWI veterans that marched to D.C. during the Great Depression to demand the immediate payment of their government war bonuses in cash
Lend-Lease Act
1941 law that permitted the United States to lend or lease arms or other supplies to the Allies
Wagner Act
Law that established the National Labor Relations Board and facilitated unionization by regulating employment and bargaining practices
Scottsboro Boys
Case in which nine Black youths were convicted of raping two white women
Franklin D. Roosevelt/Chapter 21: The New Deal, 1932-1940 Summary
President from 1933-1945 (Great Depression & WWII) •Responsible for New Deal programs, which played a part in taking the nation out of the Depression •Created various Federal Agencies that gave jobs in order to stimulate the economy •Passed Social Security Act
Four Freedoms
During Franklin D. Roosevelts' State of the Union Address, he described the concept known as Four Freedoms (Freedom from Want, Freedom from Fear, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of Worship). They provided a crucial language of national unity
Battle of Midway
American victory that allowed American forces to launch the bloody campaigns that drove the Japanese from fortified islands like Guadalcanal and the Solomons in the Western Pacific and brought American troops ever closer to Japan
Axis Powers (WWII)
Germany, Japan, Italy
National Resources Planning Board/Act
Offered a blueprint for a peacetime economy based on full employment, an expanded welfare state, and a widely shared American standard of living.
Economic Bill of Rights
Proposed by FDR In 1944. It meant to expand the power of the Bill of Rights in order to secure full employment, an adequate income, medical care, education, and a decent home for all Americans. Ultimately, it did not get enacted.
GI Bill of Rights/ Servicemen's Readjustment Act
1944 legislation that provided money for education and other benefits to military personnel returning from WWII
Bracero Program
System where thousands of Mexicans entered the states to work temporarily in Agricultural jobs
Executive Order 9066
Military order to FDR to relocate all persons of Japanese descent from the west coast into camps
Korematsu v. United States
1944 Supreme Court case where the court denied the appeal of Fred Korematsu, a Japanese American citizen who had been arrested for refusing to present himself to internment
Fair Employment Practices Commission (FEPC)
A result from FDR's Executive Order 8802, which banned discrimination in defense job and established the FEPC to monitor compliance
Neutrality Acts
Series of laws passed between 1935 and 1939 to keep the United States from becoming involved in war by prohibiting American trade and travel to warring nations
United Nations
Organization of nations to maintain world peace established in 1945 and headquartered in New York
Good Neighbor Policy
FDR policy in which the United States repudiated the right to intervene militarily in the internal affairs of Latin American countries
The Blitzkrieg Campaign
Nazi Germany's takeover of Poland, Scandinavia, Belgium, and the Netherlands
Appeasement
Policy in which United States, Britain, and France agreed to Hitler's demands in order to prevent war
Sunbelt
The label for an arc that stretched from the Carolinas to California
Double-V campaign
Movement that pressed for victory over fascism abroad and over racism at home. Argued that African Americans should receive full civil rights at home
Central Park Five
Five Black and Latino teenagers were wrongly convicted after being accused of raping a white woman
Summary of Chapter 22: Fighting for the Four Freedoms: World War II, 1941-1945
FDR entered the nation into World War II to save mankind from a living nightmare (Fascism). In the homefront, Blacks still battled for rights, women entered the workforce in dramatic numbers, and the west coast benefitted from wartime industrial production. In the aftermath of WWII, it created a melting pot of immigrants entering the country. The IMF, World Bank, and United Nations were also formed.
McCarran-Walter Act of 1952
Made it possible to revoke the citizenship of deport an American born abroad if he/she refused to testify about "subversive" activity, joined a subversive organization, or voted in foreign election
Hollywood Ten
A group called before the House Un-American Activities Committee who refused to speak about their political leanings or "name names"
McCarthyism
Post-WWII Red Scare focused on the fear of Communists in U.S. Government positions. Instigated by Joseph McCarthy
Harry Truman
President from 1945-1953 (Cold War) •Committed United States to worldwide containment of Soviet Power •Inaugurated a program to root out disloyal persons from government employment •Oversaw the economic reconstruction of Japan •Implemented Fair Deal
Truman Doctrine
President Truman's program of aid to European countries (Greece & Turkey) threatened by communism
Marshall Plan
U.S. Program for the reconstruction of post WW2 Europe through massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies
NATO
Alliance formed in 1949 by US, Canada, and ten western European nations to deter Soviet expansion in Europe, including Western Germany
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Identified a broad range of rights to be enjoyed by people everywhere, including freedom of speech, religious toleration, and protection against arbitrary government, as well as social and economic entitlements like there right to an adequate standard of living and access to housing, education, and medical care
Berlin Blockade
Soviets cut off road and rail traffic from the American, British, and French zones of occupied Germany to Berlin
Fair Deal
Truman's program focused on improving the social safety net and raising the standard of living of ordinary Americans
Taft-Hartley Act
1947 law passed by Congress that contained a number of provisions to weaken labor unions, including the banning of closed shops
Operation Wetback
Government program launched in 1954 that employed military-style tactics to invade Mexican American neighborhoods and deport undocumented aliens.
Summary of Chapter 23: The United States and the Cold War, 1945-1953
As the United States battled communism, Truman implemented many policies relating toward freedom, improving the situation of Americans, as well as the reshaping of the immigration policy. America entered into the Korean war, labor unions started to diminish, and the status of Black Americans enjoyed a prominence in national affairs.
Southern Manifesto
1956 document that renounced the Supreme Court decision in Brown v. Board of Education and supported the campaign against racial integration in public places
Brown v. Board of Education
1954 Supreme Court case in which the court struck down racial segregation in public education and declared separate but equal unconstitutional
Dwight D. Eisenhower
President from 1953-1961 •Exhibited modern Republicanism •Consolidated and legitimized New Deal •Warned against military-industrial complex
Military-industrial complex
The conduction of an immense military establishment with a permanent arms industry with an influence felt in every office in the land
Kitchen Debate
Debate between Nixon and Khrushchev over the meaning of freedom
National Defense Education Act
1958 law passed in reaction to America's perceived inferiority in the space race; encouraged education in science and modern languages through student loans, university research grants, and aid to public schools
League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC)
An organization that challenged restrictive housing, employment discrimination, and other inequalities faced by Latino Americans
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
Responsible for launching the Freedom Rides
Summary of Chapter 24: An Affluent Society, 1953-1960
The end of WWII was followed by a golden age of capitalism, a period of economic expansion, stable prices, low unemployment, and rising standards of living. The population shifted to suburbs and society experience a postwar baby boom. Though, tensions were still high with the Soviet Union. The decade ended with the presidential campaign of 1960 between John F. Kennedy and Richard Nixon, in which Kennedy won.
Menendez V. Westminster
1947 Supreme Court case in which the court outlaw forced school segregation in California
Loving v. Virginia
1967 Supreme Court case that declared all laws against interracial marriage unconstitutional
Great Society Programs
Term coined by President Lyndon B. Johnson in his 1965 State of the Union address, in which he proposed legislation to address problems of voting rights, poverty, diseases, education, immigration, and the environment.
American Indian Movement
Movement founded in 1963 by Native Americans who were fed up with the poor conditions on Indian reservations and the federal government's unwillingness to help
Silent Spring
Book published in 1962 by biologist Rachel Carson about the destructive impact of insecticide DDT
Griswold v. Connecticut
1965 Supreme Court case which overturned law prohibiting the use of contraceptives, established a constitutional right to privacy.
Roe v. Wade
1973 Supreme Court case in which the Court required states to allow abortions
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
Organization founded in 1960 to coordinate civil rights sit-ins and other forms of grassroots protest.
Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)
Major student organization of the New Left
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