ANAT EXAM

Cranial Bones

Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital (singular); temporal, parietal (paired)

Cranial Sutures

Coronal, sagittal, lambdoid, squamous

Pterion

Frontal, parietal, temporal, sphenoid; associated with middle meningeal artery

Facial Bones

Mandible, vomer (singular); maxilla, zygomatic, nasal, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae (paired)

Temporomandibular Joint

Mandibular fossa, mandible condyle; synovial condyloid joint with articular disc

Frontal Bone

Supraorbital notch, supraorbital ridge

Temporal Bones

Mandibular fossa, zygomatic process, mastoid process, external acoustic meatus

Occipital Bone

External occipital protuberance, occipital condyles, foramen magnum

Sphenoid Bone

Contains hypophyseal fossa

Ethmoid Bone

Perforations for olfactory nerves

Kyphosis

Posterior, convex curve; spine sections:thoracic, sacral

Lordosis

Anterior concave curvature; spine sections:cervical, lumbar

Regions of Spine

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, fused sacral, coccygeal

Atlas (C1)

No body, just hole; force from skull to cervical spine

Axis (C2)

Dens; no disc

Vertebral Compression Fractures

Associated with kyphotic deformities

Anterior and Posterior Longitudinal Ligaments

Restrict flexion/extension

Ligamentum Flava

Connects laminae; "yellow" due to high elastin

Whiplash Injury

Hyperextension of neck; affects anterior longitudinal ligament

Posterior Vertebral Muscles

Trapezius, splenius capitis, splenius cervicis, erector spinae, multifidus

Abdominal Muscle Layers

Rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis

Lower Limb Tissue Layers

Bone, muscle, deep fascia, superficial fascia, skin

Hip Joint Capsular Ligaments

Iliofemoral, ischiofemoral, pubofemoral

Anterior Muscles of Lower Limb Blood/Nerve

Femoral nerve, deep femoral artery/vein

Medial Collateral Ankle Ligament

Restricts eversion

Gastrocnemius and Soleus

Form calcaneal (Achilles) tendon

Retinacula

Thickenings of deep fascia holding tendons in place

Transverse Arch Support

Fibularis longus, small intrinsic foot muscles

Interphalangeal Joints

Synovial hinge; flexion/extension

Carpometacarpal Joint 1

Saddle joint; opposition/reposition