Midterm 2023

Enlightenment

Enlightenment

man’s emergence from his self-imposed immaturity

Immaturity

The inability to use one’s understanding without guidance from another

The motto of enlightenment

Sapere Aude! (Dare to know)

Descartes “Meditations”

“[I] had to raze everything to the grounds and start again from the original foundations [if I wanted to] establish anything firm and lasting in the sciences.”

Descartes vision of the natural world

“comprised of inert, extended particles moving in accordance with mechanical laws”

Princess Elisabeth of Bohemia

“if mind and body are two separate substances, defined in position to one another, how do they interact? How can the immaterial soul move the body”

Artists of the Classical Baroque period

Gianlorenzo Berlini, Artemisia Gentileschi, Velasquez, Peter Pauls Rubens

Artists of the Restrained Baroque period

Rembrant van Ricin, Jan Vermeer, Anthony van Dyck, Christopher Wren

Hobbes’ theory of Incorporeal substance

“The origin of all ideas is the senses and memory and imagination are nothing but decaying sense” thus it is nonessential.

Hobbes’ Leviathan theme

Developed a Politics of the state that is based on the theory of human nature: move away from state of nature to enter civil society

Hobbes’ political contract

“political state comes into existence through a social contract whereby individuals agree to authorize a sovereign power to govern over them”

Mathematical principles of natural philosophy (1687)

mathematical model explaining heavenly and earthly motion In a single physical system based on universal gravitation written my Isaac Newton

Émilie du Châtelet

Argued that the debate between Cartesians and Newtonians was involved in nationalism. Also wrote Foundations of Physics which synthesized the two approaches with a metaphysical foundation for Newtonian Physics

Gottfried Whilhelm Leibniz

supported Jesuit mission in china but saw it as the basis for cross-cultural exchange in which China would teach Europe as much as Europe would teach China

John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government

justifies slavery (under certain conditions) and the dispossession of indigenous peoples in British North America.

Rousseau’s theory of the transition between the state of nature to civil society

a series of states leading to being ruled by a monarchy

Voltaire’s Candide

philosophical story targeting theologians, aristocracy, Leibniz’s optimism, and his complex relationship with enlightenment

Romanticism

artistic and cultural mouvement which rejected Enlightenment rationalism in favour of imagination, subjectivity, and intuition.

Sturm and Drang

German literary movement known as storm and stress

Quobna Ottobah Cugoano

1st writer of African descent to present his own abolitionist narrative - Thoughts and Sentiments on the Evil of Slavery

Immanuel Kant

“An action is only moral if and only if I can will that my maxim should become a universal law.”¸

Symbol in the Magic Flute by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Reason ad enlightenment became the instruments for deeper and more powerful forms of domination and control

1641

Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy published in Latin

1642

• The English Civil War begins

  • Cardinal Richelieu, Prime Minister of France dies and is succeeded by Cardinal Mazarin

1643

Louis XIII of France dies: The regency of Louis XVI begins

1644

Bernini sculpts “The Vision of St. Theresa” in Rome

1648

Peace at Westphalia ends the 30 yrs war

1649

• England forms a commonwealth under Cromwell

• Charles I of England is beheaded

1651

Thomas Hobbes publishes Leviathan

1656

Bernini creates the Pizza of St. Peter’s in Rome

1660

• The restoration in England

• Charles II returns

1661

Louis XVI begins personal rule in France following the death of Cardinal Mazarin

1664

Molière publishes Tartuffe

1665

• Rembrandt paints “The Jewish Bride”

• Molière writes Don Juan

1666

Publication of Margaret Cavendish’s The Bling World

1677

1st performance of Racine’s Phaedra

1678

Anonymous publication of the Princesse de Clèves

1687

Newton publishes Principia Mathematica

1688

The “Glorious Revolution” in England

1689

• The Bill of Rights and Purcell’s opera Dido and Aeneas

  • Locke publishes Two Treatise on Government

1690

Publication of Second Treatise of Civil Government by John Locke

1694

Sir Christopher Wren undertakes the building of the Greenwich Hospital

1703

Peter the Great lays the foundation of St. Petersburg

1705

1st publication of Mandeville’s Fable of the Bees

1709

The “Tatler,” London newspaper is issued

1710

English South Sea Company founded

1714

Leibniz’s Monadology published

1715

• Death of Louis XIV of France

• Regency of Louis XV begins

1723

Louis XV attains his majority

1724

J.S. Bach writes the “St. John Passion”

1738

John Wesley has his evangelical conversion

1739

David Hume publishes Treaties of Human Nature

1741

Handel writes “Messiah”

1743

von Balthasar Neuman begins pilgrimage church of Vierzehneiligan

1746

Zimmerman begins pilgrimage church “Die Wies”

1748

Baron de Montesquieu publishes The Spirit of the Laws

1751

The Encyclopédie begins to be published

1752

Tiepolo paints frescoes of the Resident in Wuzburg

1755

Rousseau publishes Discourse on Inequality; the Lisbon earthquake

1756

the 7 yrs war begins

1758

• Voltaire publishes Candide

  • Vettel publishes Law of Nations

1760

Sterne begins to publish Tristram Shandy

1763

• Denis Diderot composes Rameau’s Nephew

• Rousseau publishes the Social Contract

  • Mozart (aged 6) begins concert tour of Europe

1763

• Peace at Paris ends the 7 yrs war

  • Canada begins as a British colony

1763

Promulgation of the Royal Proclamation by King George III

1770

Goethe begins work on Faust (the second part published after his death in 1832)

1772

Reign of the Kangxi Emperor ends

1774

Louis XVI succeeds Louis XV as King of France

Goethe publishes The Sorrows of Young Werther

1776

• The American War of independence

• Adam Smith publishes AnEssay into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations

1779

Lessing, Nathan the Wise is published

1781

• The American “Declaration of Independence”

• Publication of Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason

1785

• A steam engine is installed in a cotton spinning factory

• David paints the “Oath of the Horatii”

• Kant publishes Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals

1786

Mozart writes The Marriage of Figaro

1787

• Religious toleration is granted in France

• The Constitution of the United States is signed

1789

The French Revolution begins

1823

John Marshall decision for the Johnson v. M’Intosh

1724 - 1804

Immanuel Kant

1729-1797

Edmund Burke

1757-1827

William Blake

1758-1794

Maximilian “the Incorruptible” Robespierre

1759-1797

Mary Wollstonecraft

1769-1821

Napoleon Bonaparte

1770-1831

George Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

1776

The American war of independence / revolution begins

`1788

United Staes of America constitution ratified

1789

The French Revolution

1790

• Edmund Burke’s Reflections on the Revolution in France

• Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Man

1792

Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman

1793

Robespierre guillotined

1797-1851

Mary Shelley

1799-1815

Under Napoleon Bonapart, France at war with everyone

1805-1859

Alexis de Tocqueville

1806-1873

John Stewart Mill

1807

G.W.F. Hegel, The Phenomenology of Spirit

1809-1882

Charles Darwin

1813-1883

Richard Wagner

1815

Napoleon abdicates

1818-1883

Karl Marxs

1818

Shelley’s Frankenstein

1819-1891

Herman Melville