AP Psych - Motivation and Emotion

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

instinct

a complex, unlearned behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species

instinct theory

__what__?

* biological or genetic programming (motivated by survival)

__why do we do things?__

* evolution, to ensure genetic material is passed on

__aligned perspective:__

* **evolutionary**

drive-reduction theory

__what__?

* the idea that a physiological need created an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

__why do we do things?__

* to resolve internal tension (biological need, do behavior to reestablish **homeostasis**

__aligned perspective:__

* **biological**

arousal theory

__what__?

* complete actions to increase/decrease arousal

__why do we do things?__

* to maintain optimal level of arousal
* **Yerkes-Dodson** graph (“**inverted U**”)

__aligned perspective:__

* both **cognitive** and physiological/biological explanations
* *ex. hunger*
* cognitive:
* curiosity (trying new food)
* physiological:
* **glucose, ghrelin/obestatin, lateral hypothalamus/ventromedial hypothalamus**

Yerkes-Dodson graph

displays optimal intersection of arousal and performance

homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state

incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

hierarchy of needs

* Maslow
* proposes that lower-level needs must be met before higher-level needs can be satisfied
* __**P**__eacocks __**S**__eldom __**S**__hare __**E**__ach other’s __**S**__andwiches
* __**P**__hysiological
* __**S**__afety
* __**S**__ocial (belongness and love)
* __**E**__steem
* __**S**__elf-actualization

glucose

* form of sugar that circulates in blood and provides major source of energy for body tissues
* brain monitors blood chemistry, when levels of _____ are low, will trigger hunger

basal metabolic rate

body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

hypothalamic role in hunger

* __**l**__**ateral hypothalamus** - “__**l**__ets eat”
* produces hunger-triggering hormone ***orexin***
* **ventromedial hypothalamus** - “stop”
* the hypothalamus also monitors levels of other appetite hormones
* ***ghrelin*** - hunger arousing
* ***obestatin -*** hunger suppressant

insulin

helps **glucose** enter muscle, fat, and liver cells

PYY

hunger suppressant secreted by digestive tract

ADH

* helps blood vessels constrict
* helps kidneys contral amount of water and salt in the body

pituitary gland

* controls growth and development, most other endocrine glands


* partially controlled by **hypothalamus**
* together, detect and adapt to hormone levels

angiotensin

regulates blood pressure by constricting blood vessels, triggering water and salt intake

sexual response cycle

* **Masters** and **Johnson**
* four stages of sexual responding
* excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution

refractory period

* in sexual motivation, resting period after orgasm in which one cannot achieve another

sexual disorder

problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning

estrogens

* sex hormones (contribute to sexual characteristics)
* ex. estradiol

testosterone

* sex hormone (contribute to sexual characteristics)

flow

completely involved, focused state of consciousness resulting from optimal engagement of one’s skills

industrial-organizational psychology

application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplace

personnel psychology

* subfield of **industrial-organizational psychology**
* focuses on employee recruitment, placement, training

organizational psychology

* subfield of **industrial-organizational psychology**
* examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity

structured interviews

interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales

achievement motivation

desire for significant accomplishment

task leadership

goal-oriented leadership that sets standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals

social leadership

group-orientated leadership that builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support

theory X

authoritarian management method that focuses on supervision and strict monitoring of employees

theory Y

* management method
* assumes employees are internally motivated and work best w/o direct reward

emotion

response involving physiological arousal, expressive behaviors, and conscious experience

James-Lange Theory

stimulus → physiological response → emotion

*ex. snake → pounding heart → fear*

Cannon-Bard Theory

stimulus → simultaneous physiological response + emotion

*ex*. *snake* → *pounding heart* *+ fear*

Schachter-Singer/two-factor theory

stimulus → physiological response + cognitive label → emotion

*ex*. *snake → pounding heart + “I’m afraid” → fear*

Lazarus Theory

cognitive appraisal → physiological response + emotion

*ex. unknown noise → “oh, it’s just the wind” OR unknown noise → “oh, it’s a bear” → pounding heart + fear*

Zajonc-Ledoux Theory

some emotions, especially those necessary for immediate survival go straight to **amygdala** w/o conscious appraisal, while others are processed in a cortex before going to amygdala

*ex. snake → amygdala OR friend → cortex → amygdala*

spillover theory

the transference of an emotional state into another area of life

polygraph

machine that measures several physiological responses accompanying emotion (like perspiration, heart rate)

catharsis

emotional release

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people’s tendency to be helpful when in a good mood

subjective well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life

adaptation-level phenomenon

our tendency to judge stimuli relative to our previous experiences

relative deprivation

perception that one is worse off relative to others

Abraham Maslow

* Humanistic psychologist
* **Self-actualization**
* **Hierarchy of needs**

Ancel Keys

* American physiologist
* studied influence of diet on health

A. L. Washburn and Walter Cannon

swallowed balloon, determined impacts of stomach contractions on hunger

Paul Ekman

* American psychologist
* studies interaction btwn emotions and facial expressions

Carrol Izard

* American psychologist
* **discrete emotion theory** - claim that there is small number of base emotions
* **facial feedback hypothesis -** facial expression directly affects emotional experience

William Masters and Virginia Johnson

* American gynecologist/sexologist
* pioneered research about human sexual response and the diagnosis and treatment of sexual dysfunctions