crim 2103 presentation stuff part 1

Diagnosis (Substance use disorder)

According to DSM-5-TR, SUD is diagnosed when a person shows 2+ of 11 symptoms within 12 months.
Severity:

• Mild: 2–3 symptoms

• Moderate: 4–5

• Severe: 6+
  Main categories: impaired control, social impairment, risky use, tolerance/withdrawal (+ craving added, legal issues removed).

assessment tools (Substance use disorder)

• Screening tools: AUDIT, DAST

• Clinical interviews & risk assessments
  Used in corrections to assess:

• Risk of recidivism

• Treatment needs
  Substance use is one of the most common issues among offenders.

prevalence (Substance use disorder)

• USA: ~3.9% past year, ~9.9% lifetime

• Higher in men and younger adults

• Canada: rates increasing across provinces
  👉 Overall, relatively uncommon in general population but growing concern.

High-Risk Populations & Crime Link (Substance use disorder)

• Much higher in prison populations

  • Alcohol: 26% men, 20% women

  • Drugs: 30% men, 50% women

• Strong link to violent offending & legal problems
  Explanations:

• Criminal social identity

• Low self-control (impulsivity)

• Childhood trauma/abuse

Symptoms, Treatment & Critique (Substance use disorder)

Symptoms:

• Loss of control, cravings, withdrawal

• Social/functional impairment

• Continued use despite harm

Treatment:

• Rehab programs, counselling, monitoring

• Reduces recidivism & improves reintegration

Critique:

• Labels can create stigma and harm reintegration

• Crime link is complex (poverty, housing, mental health also matter)

Prevalence (exhibitionism)

• More common in men (8%) than women (2–6%)

• ~1 in 4 sex offenders are exhibitionists

• High victimization rates:

  • 40% of women, 12% of men exposed

  • ~15% of women experience long-term distress

• Victims often adolescents (16–17 years old)

Link to Crime (exhibitionism)

• Covered under Criminal Code of Canada Section 173 & Section 175

• ~10% progress to sexual violence (violence is rare overall)

• Up to 50% of sex offenders report adolescent exhibitionism

• Recidivism rates: 20–57%

Etiology (exhibitionism)

• Psychodynamic: desire for power/dominance, fantasy of reciprocation

• Cognitive-behavioural: behaviour is reinforced in a cycle

• Attachment theory: poor relationships due to childhood neglect/apathetic parenting

Typical Presentation (exhibitionism)

• Fearful of intimate relationships

• History of poor sexual education / neglect

• Gains pleasure from fantasy, act, and aftermath

• May prefer negative attention over none

Treatment & Critique (exhibitionism)

Treatment:

• Psychotherapy (CBT, group/family therapy, empathy training)

• Medications: SSRIs, anti-anxiety drugs, antiandrogens

Critique:

• DSM-5 doesn’t fully address digital exhibitionism (e.g., unsolicited images)

• Causes are not fully understood

• Difficult to assess accurately

PTSD Overview (Wyatt Case) (Post traumatic stress disorder)

• 25-year-old with childhood abuse (ACE score 7)

• Uses alcohol to cope, struggles with impulsivity

• Incarcerated for aggravated assault

• Symptoms worsened in prison → shows link between trauma and criminal behavior

PTSD Symptom Clusters (Post traumatic stress disorder)

According to DSM-5-TR:

• Intrusion: flashbacks, nightmares

• Avoidance: avoiding reminders (people, places, conversations)

• Negative mood/cognition: guilt, shame, numbness

• Arousal/reactivity: hypervigilance, sleep issues, irritability

CPTSD & DSO (Post traumatic stress disorder)

• CPTSD = trauma from prolonged abuse/neglect

• DSO (Disturbances in Self-Organization):

  • Emotional dysregulation

  • Negative self-concept

  • Interpersonal difficulties
    👉 Often rooted in childhood attachment issues

Treatment Approaches (Post traumatic stress disorder)

• Trauma-focused psychotherapy (primary):

  • TF-CBT, CPT, EMDR

• Attachment-based therapy: rebuild relationships & stability

• Medications (secondary): SSRIs/SNRIs
  👉 Treatment is phase-based: safety → stabilization → trauma processing

Effectiveness & Limitations (Post traumatic stress disorder)

• Therapy improves functioning, coping, and symptoms

• Medications help mood/anxiety, not root trauma

• Many still have long-term symptoms

• Relational healing takes longer than symptom reduction
  👉 Recovery is gradual and requires long-term care

What is MDD? (major depressive disorder)

• A serious mental disorder affecting mood, functioning, and health

• More than normal sadness → persistent and impairing

• Impacts work, relationships, daily life

• Has multiple causes (biological, environmental, social)

• Treatable with proper support

Symptoms (major depressive disorder)

• Physical: sleep issues, appetite/weight changes, low energy

• Cognitive: poor concentration, memory issues, suicidal thoughts

• Emotional: sadness, hopelessness, irritability

Diagnosis (DSM-5) (major depressive disorder)

• Symptoms must last at least 2 weeks

• Based on clinical judgment (no lab test)

• Grief debate: diagnosis can occur even during bereavement

Prevalence & Causes (major depressive disorder)

• ~185 million worldwide

• Women 2x more likely

• Onset: early 20s

• Higher risk: poverty, trauma, illness, family history

Causes:

• Biological (genetics, brain)

• Environmental (trauma, abuse)

• Lifestyle (stress, substance use)

• Social (isolation, stigma)

Crime Link & Treatment (major depressive disorder)

Crime link:

• Not a direct cause, but linked to:

  • Substance use

  • Emotional instability

  • Social withdrawal

• High in correctional settings, often untreated

Treatment:

• CBT therapy

• SSRIs (medication)

• Early screening & social support
  👉 Treatment improves outcomes and reduces stigma