Anatomy: chapter 1 (Endocrine System)

Where is the pituitary gland located?

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland?

Anterior lobe-adenohypophysis

Posterior lobe-neurohypophysis

What does the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland do?

Synthesize and release hormones

Which hormones are produced by adenohypophysis?

Growth Hormone (GH)

Thyroid- Stimulating hormone(TSH)

Prolactin

Luteinizing hormone(LH)

Follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH)

What do growth hormones do?

stimulates bone and muscle growth

What does TSH do?

stimulates the thyroid to release T3 and T4

What does prolactin do?

stimulates milk production in women

What does FSH and LH do?

Stimulates gamete production in gonads

What does the posterior lobe do?

stores and releases hormones made in the hypothalamus

Which hormones are released by neurohypophysis?

Antidiuretic hormones(ADH) and oxytocin

What does ADH do?

decrease urine output, increase blood pressure

What does oxytocin do?

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth

What is an infundibulum?

a part of the body that connects the pituitary to the hypothalamus

Where are the adrenal glands located?

on top of the kidneys

True or False:

Each adrenal gland is wrapped by a connective tissue capsule.

True

What are the two primary regions of the adrenal gland?

Adrenal cortex (external)

Adrenal medulla (internal)

What is the function of the adrenal cortex?

secrete hormones

Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex?

cortisol

aldosterone

androgens

What is the function of cortisol?

Regulates metabolism and suppresses the immune system

What is the function of aldosterone?

regulates blood pressure and electrolyte levels

What is the function of androgens?

male sex hormone

What is the function of the adrenal medulla?

secretes epinephrine

What is epinephrine ?

the sympathetic fight-or-flight hormone

adrenaline

What are the 3 regions of the adrenal cortex?

zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona reticularis

Name the hormones secreted by each region of the adrenal cortex

zona glomerulosa-- aldosterone

zona fasciculata-- cortisol

zona reticularis-- androgens

Where is the thyroid gland located?

anterior to trachea and inferior to larynx

How are the two lobes of the thyroid connected?

by the isthmus

What does the thyroid gland do?

Produces thyroid hormones, T3 and T4. Also produces Calcitonin

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Controls body's metabolic rate

What is the function of calcitonin?

Maintain homeostatic level of blood calcium

Decreases calcium levels in the blood

What do thyroid hormones do?

regulate metabolism, growth, and development

What are lobules of the thyroid?

connective tissue separating the thyroid gland into small units

What are thyroid follicles?

sacs in the thyroid filled with thyroglobulin and colloid

Where is thyroglobulin stored?

follicular lumen

What is a colloid?

thyroglobulin containing fluid in the follicle

What are parafollicular cells?

C Cells; cells which secrete the hormone calcitonin

Where are the parathyroid glands located?

posterior surface of the thyroid gland

What are the functions of parathyroid glands?

synthesize parathyroid hormone (PTH)

When do the parathyroid glands secrete PTH?

when calcium levels drop

What does PTH do?

increases calcium absorption in the intestines decreases urinary excretion of calcium and activates osteoclasts.

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increase blood calcium levels

What are chief cells, what do they do?

clumps of cells that produce PTH

What is indicated by the blue arrow?

Hypothalamus

What is indicated by the green arrow?

Infundibulum

What is indicated by the black arrow?

neurohypophysis

What is indicated by the purple arrow?

adenohypophysis

In this slide of the adenohypophysis, what does the blue arrow indicate?

Basophils

Basophils are involved in producing which hormones in the adenohypophysis?

TSH, FSH, and LH

In this slide of the adenohypophysis, what does the red arrow indicate?

Acidophils

Acidophils are involved in producing which hormones in the adenohypophysis?

Growth Hormones and Prolactin

In this slide of the neurohypophysis, what does the blue arrow indicate?

glial cells

In this image of the parathyroid, what does the black arrow indicate?

Chief cells

What do chief cells produce?

Parathyroid Hormones

In this image of the parathyroid, what does the blue arrow indicate?

oxyphil cells

Which arrow indicates zona fasciculata?

The purple arrow

Which arrow indicates the capsule?

The black arrow

Which arrow indicates zona glomerulosa?

The blue arrow

What does the green arrow indicate?

Adrenal Medulla