Theories of development

Trust vs. Mistrust

Stage 1 of Erikson's theory; infants learn to trust their caregivers based on the consistency of care.

Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt

Stage 2 of Erikson's theory; toddlers strive for independence, with supportive environments cultivating a sense of will.

Initiative vs. Guilt

Stage 3 of Erikson's theory; preschoolers develop a sense of purpose through initiating activities.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Stage 4 of Erikson's theory; school-aged children focus on mastering skills, where success promotes competence.

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Stage 5 of Erikson's theory; adolescents search for identity leading to fidelity to their values.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Stage 6 of Erikson's theory; young adults seek meaningful relationships, failure leads to isolation.

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Stage 7 of Erikson's theory; middle-aged individuals focus on contributing to society and nurturing a legacy.

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Stage 8 of Erikson's theory; older adults reflect on their lives, leading to feelings of integrity or regret.

Psychosexual Stages

Freud's five stages influencing personality through sexual drives and unconscious conflicts.

Oral Stage

Stage 1 of Freud's theory; pleasure centered around the mouth, fixations may lead to oral behaviors in adulthood.

Anal Stage

Stage 2 of Freud's theory; pleasure from bowel and bladder control, affecting personality through toilet training.

Phallic Stage

Stage 3 of Freud's theory; children develop an attraction to the opposite-sex parent, leading to identification with the same-sex parent.

Latency Stage

Stage 4 of Freud's theory; sexual urges are repressed, focus shifts to social and intellectual development.

Genital Stage

Stage 5 of Freud's theory; puberty reawakens sexual desires leading to mature relationships.

Cognitive Development Stages

Piaget's four stages focusing on how children construct understanding through interactions.

Sensorimotor Stage

Stage 1 of Piaget's theory; infants learn through senses and motor actions, developing object permanence.