AP US History Unit 6 Review Flashcards heilmer

Flashcards covering key vocabulary from the AP US History Unit 6 review, focusing on industrialization, urbanization, and westward migration from 1865-1898.

Industrial Capitalism

The economic system characterized by industrial production, wage labor, and private ownership, which rose to prominence in America during the period of 1865-1898.

National Market

A unified market across the country for goods facilitated by the expansion of the railroad system.

Land Grants and Loan Subsidies

Government incentives provided to private railroad corporations to encourage the building of transcontinental railroads.

Transcontinental Railroads

Railroad lines that connected the eastern and western sides of the country, facilitating trade and westward expansion.

Panic of 1893

A severe economic depression that led to railroad bankruptcies and consolidation of control by bankers.

Regional Monopolies

Exclusive control of railroad companies in specific regions, resulting from the consolidation of bankrupt railroads.

Bessemer Process

A steelmaking process that involved blasting air through molten iron to produce high-quality steel.

Andrew Carnegie

A steel tycoon who pioneered vertical integration in his business practices.

Vertical Integration

A business practice where one company controls every stage of the manufacturing process.

John D. Rockefeller

The head of Standard Oil who utilized horizontal integration to control the oil industry.

Horizontal Integration

A business practice where a company buys out its competitors to eliminate competition.

Laissez-faire Capitalism

An economic system in which the government is hands-off with respect to business enterprise.

Adam Smith

An economist whose writings advocated for less government intervention in economic decision-making.

Social Darwinism

The application of Darwinian principles to society, suggesting that the fittest individuals or companies should accumulate wealth.

Gospel of Wealth

Andrew Carnegie's belief that wealthy individuals had a duty to invest their wealth back into society through philanthropic works.

Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

Legislation passed by Congress to prohibit monopolistic activities, although it was vaguely worded and had limited initial success.

White Collar Work

Professional or managerial work, often requiring formal attire, that emerged with the growth of industry and the middle class.

Labor Unions

Organizations formed by workers to advocate for better wages, safer working conditions, and improved treatment from employers.

Strike

A tactic used by labor unions in which workers refuse to work in order to pressure employers to meet their demands.

Great Railroad Strike of 1877

A major strike in which railroad workers protested wage cuts, resulting in violence and federal intervention.

Pullman Strike

A strike near Chicago where Pullman company workers protested wage cuts, leading to intervention by Eugene V. Debs and the American Railroad Union.

Eugene V. Debs

The leader of the American Railroad Union who played a significant role in the Pullman Strike.

Knights of Labor

A national labor union that was open to all members, including black people and women, and advocated for the abolition of child labor and destruction of trusts.

Haymarket Square Riot (1886)

An event in Chicago where a bomb exploded during a labor protest, leading to a decline in the Knights of Labor's membership and reputation.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

An association of craft unions led by Samuel Gompers that focused on higher wages and better working conditions.

Nativism

The policy of protecting the interests of native-born inhabitants against those of immigrants.

American Protective Association

A nativist institution that was heavily anti-Catholic during the period of increased immigration.

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)

A law passed by Congress that barred further Chinese immigration, marking the first time a race or nationality was specifically targeted.

Homestead Act of 1862

Legislation that offered 160 acres of free land to settlers who agreed to live on and cultivate the land for five years.

Frederick Jackson Turner

An historian who argued the closing of the frontier could be a troubling reality because Westward expansion had always been a means of releasing American discontent.

Reservation System

A system in which Indian nations were assigned tracts of land, called reservations, with strict boundaries by the American government.

Indian Appropriation Act of 1871

Ended federal recognition of the sovereignty of Indian nations and therefore nullified all previous treaties made between the two parties.

Ghost Dance Movement

A nationwide movement of resistance among Indians against the encroachment of the Americans on their land.

Wounded Knee Massacre (1890)

The killing of more than 200 Indian men, women, and children, marking the end of Indian resistance.

Dawes Act of 1887

Broke up tribal organizations and divided up tribal lands into 160-acre plots, with the goal of assimilating Native Americans into American culture.

National Grange Movement

An organization formed to bring farmers together and defend them against the effects of trusts and railroad exploitation.

Interstate Commerce Act of 1886

Legislation that required railroad rates to be reasonable and just, and established a federal commission to oversee this process.

Tenements

Poorly ventilated, disease-ridden housing developments where many of the laboring class, especially immigrants, crowded into.

Suburbanization

The development of suburbs consisting of individual houses built outside the city, where middle and upper classes resettled.

Political Machine

A corrupt organization of political bosses and their followers that met the needs of businesses, immigrants, and the urban poor in exchange for political support.

Tammany Hall

The most famous political machine, operating in New York City.

Settlement Houses

Houses that provided social services to the poor in order to enrich the neighborhood.

Hull House

The most famous of the Settlement Houses, established by Jane Adams in 1889.

National American Woman's Suffrage Association (NAWSA)

Association formed by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony, worked tirelessly to secure the franchise for women.

Women's Christian Temperance Union

Association formed in 1874, with half a million members by 1898, women also largely took up the cause of temperance, or abstinence from alcohol.

Social Gospel

The idea preached from more progressive pulpits that Christian principles ought to be applied to right societal wrongs.

Realism

A vehicle for storytelling that realistically depicted the corruption, violence, and racism of American society.

New South

Vision of the South's future, which would be based on economic diversity and industrial growth and laissez faire capitalism.

Jim Crow Laws

Wave of new and the expansion of old segregation laws

Populist Party

Wanted to correct the concentration of economic power held by banks and trusts, outlining their political and economic reforms including: direct election of senators, the use of initiatives and referendums and the unlimited coinage of silver