📝 Guided Notes: Part 1 – Anatomic Direction and body Cavities (Always the patients perspective) (copy)

Anatomy

The study of bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, usually studied by dissection.

Physiology

The study of the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable equilibrium between elements, regulated by physiological processes.

Metabolism

The chemical process within a living organism that digests food and maintains life.

Cellular Respiration

The process that converts nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) while releasing waste products.

Dorsal Cavity

Consists of cranial and spinal subdivisions, holds the brain and spinal cord.

Ventral Cavity

Consists of thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic subdivisions, holds vital organs such as the heart, lungs, and digestive systems.

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right parts.

Midsagittal Plane

Divides the body into equal left and right halves.

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior sections.

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into top and bottom parts.

Anterior/Ventral

Toward the front side of the body.

Posterior/Dorsal

Toward the back side of the body.

Superior

Above another structure.

Inferior

Below another structure.

Medial

Toward the medial plane (inner part of the body).

Lateral

To the side (outer part of the body).

Proximal

Near the point of attachment to the trunk.

Distal

Away from the point of attachment (like hands or feet).

Superficial

On or near the surface.

Deep

Through the surface, further inside the body.

Supine

Lying on the back facing upward.

Prone

Lying on the stomach.

Cranial/Cephalic

Toward the head.

Caudal

Toward the feet.

Epigastric Region

The center region above the stomach.

Umbilical Region

The center region around the belly button area.

Hypogastric Region

The center region below the belly button.

Hypochondriac Region

Regions on the left and right of the epigastric region.

Lumbar Region

Regions on the left and right of the umbilical region.

Iliac/Inguinal Region

Regions on the left and right of the hypogastric region.

Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

Contains organs such as the liver and gallbladder.

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Contains organs like the appendix.

Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Contains organs such as the spleen and stomach.

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Contains parts of the intestines.

Organismal Level

The largest level of organization encompassing complex systems like the entire human body.

Cellular Level

Includes the basic structural and functional unit of life: the cell.

Nucleus

Controls the activities of the cell and facilitates cell division.

Ribosomes

Serve as the site for protein synthesis.

Mitochondria

Serve as sites of cellular respiration and store ATP.

Golgi Apparatus

Manufactures carbohydrates and packages secretions for discharge from the cell.

Lysosomes

Function as the center for cellular digestion.

Necrosis

Un-programmed death of cells and living tissue.

Apoptosis

Orderly process by which cells intentionally die.

Stem Cells

Cells that can renew themselves through cell division and differentiate into a wide range of cell types.

RNA

Carries instructions from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

Diffusion

The process where molecules spread evenly through a medium without energy.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.

Active Transport

Movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of lower to higher concentration, requiring energy.

Phagocytosis

The process of 'cell eating' where substances are engulfed within particles.

Atrophy

A decrease in the size of a body part or tissue.

Hypertrophy

An increase in the size of a body part or tissue.

Hyperplasia

An increase in the number of cells.

Dysplasia

Abnormal changes in cell size, shape, and organization.

Neoplasia

Uncontrolled growth patterns of cells.

Hypoxia

A decrease of oxygen supply.

Anoxia

A lack of oxygen flow.