📝 Guided Notes: Part 1 – Anatomic Direction and body Cavities (Always the patients perspective) (copy)
🔍 1. Key Vocabulary
Fill in the definitions:
Anatomy: Study of bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms. Usually studied by dissection and the separation of parts.
Physiology: Study of the normal functions of living organisms and their parts.
Homeostasis: Maintaining a stable equilibrium between elements and is maintained by the physiological process .
Metabolism: The chemical process that occurs within a living organism to digest food and maintain life.
Cellular Respiration: Converts nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and releases waste products.
🧭 2. Body Cavities
List the two main cavities and their subdivisions:
Cavity Type | Subdivisions | Organs Contained |
Dorsal | Cranial, Spinal | Hold the brain and the spinal cord |
Ventral | Thoracic, Abdominal, Pelvic | Holds the heart, lungs, major blood vessels, organs of digestive and urinary systems, reproductive organs,rectum, remaining part of the large intestine, and the appendix |
📐 3. Body Planes
Match each plane with its description:
Plane Type | Description |
Sagittal | Divides body into 2 parts; Left and right |
Midsagittal | Divides body into equal left and right halves |
Frontal/Coronal | Divides body into anterior and posterior |
Transverse | Divides body into top and bottom parts |
🧭 4. Directional Terms
Fill in the blanks:
Anterior/Ventral: Toward the front side
Posterior/Dorsal: Toward the back side
Superior: Above another structure
Inferior: Below another structure
Medial: Toward the medial plane (inner)
Lateral: To the side (outer)
Proximal: Near the point of attachment to the trunk
Distal: Away from the point of attachment (hand, foot, wrist)
Superficial: On or near the surface
Deep: Through the surface
Supine: Lying on the back facing upward
Prone: Lying on stomach
Cranial/Cephalic: Toward the head
Caudal: Toward the feet
📍 5. Abdominal Regions
Label the nine regions:
Epigastric- (center, above stomach)
Umbilical (center, belly button area)
Hypogastric (center, below belly button)
Hypochondriac (left/right of epigastric)
Lumbar (left/right of umbilical)
Iliac or Inguinal (left/right of hypogastric)
🧭 6. Abdominal Quadrants
List what’s found in each:
Quadrant | Organs Found |
RUQ | Right upper quadrant |
RLQ | Right lower quadrant |
LUQ | Left upper quadrant |
LLQ | left lower quadrant |
🧬 7. Levels of Structural Organization (Hierarchy)
Put the levels in order from smallest to largest:
Organismal → Organ system level → Tissue level → Cellular level → Water molecule → Chemical level
🧪 8. Cell Structure
The basic unit of life is the cell.
The cell membrane separates the cell from its external environment.
The nucleus controls activities of the cell and facilitates cell division and contains chromatin.
🧫 9. Organelles & Functions
Match each organelle with its role:
Organelle | Function |
Nuclear Membrane | Houses nucleus of the cell and regulates transport of substances into and out of the cell |
Nucleoplasm | Fills the spaces around the chromatin and the nucleoli |
Nucleolus | Reservoir |
Ribosomes | Serve as site for protein synthesis |
Cytoplasm | Provides organized watery environment where life functions take place |
Centrosome | Contains 2 centrioles that are functional during animal cell division |
ER (Smooth/Rough) | Provides passage for the transport of substances in the cytoplasm |
Mitochondria | Serve as sites of cellular respiration and store ATP |
Golgi Apparatus | Manufactures carbs and packages secretions for discharge from the cell |
Lysosomes | Serve as center for cellular digestion |
Peroxisomes | Enzymes that oxidize cell substances |
Cytoskeleton | Internal framework of the cell; Provides support for the cells |
Pinocytic Vesicles | Provide mechanism by which large molecules can enter the cell |
Cilia & Flagella | Cilia: Short hair like Flagella: Singular tail like (Move materials across the surface of the cell |
⚡ 10. Cellular Metabolism
Energy is supplied by ATP.
ATP is created from carbs, proteins, and fats..
🔄 11. Cell Division
Mitosis: For Involves growth and maintenance of cells
Meiosis: Cell division of the sex cell or gamete
Stages of mitosis:
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
💀 12. Cell Death
Necrosis: Un-programmed death of cells and living tissue
Apoptosis: Orderly process by which cells intentionally die (programmed)
🌱 13. Stem Cells
Stem cells can renew themselves through cell division and differentiate themselves into a wide range of cells.
Types:
Embryonic stem cells
Adult stem cells
Umbilical cord blood stem
Induced pluripotent stem cells
🧬 14. Protein Synthesis
DNA provides instructions for protein.
RNA carries instructions to ribosome.
Process involves:
mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, codons, anticodons
🚪 15. Movement Across Membranes
Transport Type | Description | Energy Required? |
Diffusion | Molecues of gasses, liquids, or solid particles spread themselves evenly through a medium | No |
Osmosis | Diffusion of a solvent through a selective permeable membrane | No |
Filtration | Movement of solutes across a semi-permeable membrane | No |
Active Transport | When molecules move across the cell membrane from an area of lower gradient to an area of higher concentration | Yes |
Phagocytosis | “Cell eating” ;Substance engulfed within particles | Yes |
Pinocytosis | Engulfed large molecules in solution | Yes |
🧠 16. Specialization & Aging
Nerve cells specialize in response
Red blood cells specialize in oxygen transport
Aging may reduce cell count by 30%
⚠ 17. Disorders of Cell Structure
Define each:
Atrophy: Decrease
Hypertrophy: Increase in size
Hyperplasia: increase in number
Metaplasia: Change into another type of cell
Dysplasia: Change to the size, shape and organization
Neoplasia: Changes that occur in an uncontrolled growth pattern
Hypoxia: Decrease of oxygen
Anoxia: lack of oxygen flow
💡 Reflection Questions
Why is homeostasis important for survival? It's the way our body works to regulate our body temp., keeps from heating up, etc.
How do organelles work together to maintain cell function? They all have their separate functions that run each cell
What happens when cell division becomes uncontrolled? When a cell becomes uncontrolled it can lead to cancer and tumors