Functional Groups, Geometry, & Hybridization

Methyl

Ethyl

Phenyl

Amine (Amino)

Derived from ammonia NH3

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Amino = molecule that contains an amine group

Nitrile (Cyano)

Amide (Amido)

Nitro compounds

Contains nitro NO2 group

Guanidino

Imidazole

Aldehyde (Carbonyl)

Ketone (Carbonyl)

Carboxyl

Carboxylic acid = molecule that contains a carboxyl group and behaves as an acid (can donate H⁺)

Hydroxyl (Alcohol)

Ether

Ester

Anhydride

2 carboxylic acids

Acetyl

Sulfhydryl (Thiol)

Disulfide

Thioester

Thioether

Phosphoryl

Phosphoanhydride

Mixed anhydride (acyl phosphate)

carboxylic acid and phosphoric acid

Aromatic (Arene)

6-carbon ring with 3 double bonds

Enol

Imine

Alkane

hydrocarbon with C—C single bond

Alkene

hydrocarbon with C—C double bond

Alkyne

hydrocarbon with C—C triple bond

Carboxylic acid derivatives

Carbonyl bound to EN atom

Ex. Acid halides, Esters, Amide, Thioester

Compounds containing Sulfur

Thiols, thiothers, thioesters, sulfonic acids, sulfoxide, sulfone

sulfonic acid

similar to carboxylic acids

Sulfoxide

mildly oxidized (gained some oxygen)

Sulfone

fully oxidized

Phosphine

Phosphorus bonded to 3 different carbons

Phosphate ester

2 e groups & 0 lone pairs

Linear

180 degrees

sp

3 e groups, 0 lone pairs

Trigonal planar

120 degrees

sp2

3 e groups, 1 lone pair

electron geometry = Trigonal planar

molecular geometry = Bent

<120 degrees

sp2

4 e groups, 0 lone pairs

Tetrahedral

109.5 degrees

sp3

4 e groups, 1 lone pair

electron geometry = Tetrahedral

molecular geometry = Trigonal pyramidal

<109.5 degrees

sp3

4 e groups, 2 lone pairs

electron geometry = Tetrahedral

molecular geometry = Bent

<109.5 degrees

sp3

5 e groups, 0 lone pairs

Trigonal bipyramidal

120 and 90 degrees

sp3d

5 e groups, 1 lone pair

electron geometry = Trigonal bipyramidal

molecular geometry = seesaw

<120 and <90 degrees

sp3d

5 e groups, 2 lone pairs

electron geometry = Trigonal bipyramidal

molecular geometry = T-shape

<90 degrees

sp3d

5 e groups, 3 lone pairs

electron geometry = Trigonal bipyramidal

molecular geometry = Linear

180 degrees

sp3d

6 e groups, 0 lone pairs

Octahedral

<90 degrees

6 e groups, 1 lone pair

electron geometry = Octahedral

molecular geometry = square pyramidal

<90 degrees

6 e groups, 2 lone pairs

electron geometry = Octahedral

molecular geometry = Square planar

90 degrees

6 e groups, 3 lone pairs

electron geometry = Octahedral

molecular geometry = T-shape

<90 degrees

6 e groups, 4 lone pairs

electron geometry = Octahedral

molecular geometry = Linear

180 degrees