monoclonal antibodies

what makes the white blood cell that produces antibodies

B-lymphocytes

what do we call the ‘thing’ that form when cancer divides uncontrollably

tumour

lymphocytes do/do not divide easily?

do not

tumour cells divide lots/ not a lot?

a lot

how are monoclonal antibodies formed

by fusing a B-lymphocyte with a tumour cell

what is the process of producing monoclonal antibodies

a mouse is injected with chosen antigen

whilst fast dividing tumour cells are being held in a lab

take the B-lymphocyte from mouse and the B-lymphocyte fused with tumour cell to form a hybridoma

this then divides quickly to produce lots of clones that produce the monoclonal antibodies

what two things are fused to make a hybridoma cell

a mouse B-lymphocyte and a tumour cell

what happens in a monoclonal antibody production after a hybridoma cell has been made?

the hybridoma cells are cloned to get lots of identical cells that all produce the same antibodies (monoclonal antibodies)

how are monoclonal antibodies used to treat diseases

Monoclonal antibodies (MABs) are a type of targeted drug therapy. These drugs recognise and find specific proteins on cancer cells. they bind with cancer cells and clump them together, kill them and stop them growing.

if you are pregnant?

the hormones and the antibodies with their beads attached stick to the antibodies fixed in the test strip area, they stick in a line so a blue line will appear

if someone is not pregnant?

the urine still moves up the stick, as there is no hormones attached to the antibodies with their blue beads they cannot attach to the antibodies in the test strip so the line will not turn blue

different cells have different ________ on their cell surface

antigens

cancer cells have different antigens that are not found on normal body cells, these are called ______ _______

tumour markers

_______ can be made that will bond to these markers

monoclonal antibodies

_______ can be made that will bond to these markers

produce a monoclonal antibody to match the antigen on the tumour cell

attach to the monoclonal antibody a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or chemical which stops cancer cells growing and dividing.

the antibodies are given through a drip. the antibodies target specific cells (cancer cells) as they target the tumour markers

how does monoclonal antibodies work to treat cancers?

produce a monoclonal antibody to match the antigen on the tumour cell

attach to the monoclonal antibody a radioactive substance, a toxic drug or chemical which stops cancer cells growing and dividing.

the antibodies are given through a drip. the antibodies target specific cells (cancer cells) as they target the tumour markers

this drug kills the cancer leaving the normal body cells alone

there are 3 different ways of treating cancer using monoclonal antibodies, what are they?

1. direct use of monoclonal antibodies to trigger the immune system to recognise and attack cancer cells

2. using monoclonal antibodies to block receptors on the surface of cancer cells to stop them growing and dividing

3. monoclonal antibodies to carry toxic drugs or radioactive substances for radiation therapy, or chemicals that stop cells growing and dividing to attack cancer cells directly without harming other cells in the body

side effects of monoclonal antibodies?

fever, vomiting, low blood pressure

disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies

1. can be expensive to develop

2. producing them correctly and attaching them to drugs is difficult

3. side effects

advantages of monoclonal antibodies

1. healthy cells aren’t damaged

2. can be used to treat wide range of conditions

3. they bind to specific diseases or damaged cells in need of treatment