Studied by 8 people
Continuity vs. Stages
Does development occur in stages, or gradually over time?
Stability vs. Change
How do we change over time?
Nature vs. Nurture
Is your gender dependent on biology, or expectations on how each sex should behave?
Gender Roles
Expectations for how each sex should behave in society.
Social Learning Theory
Observation and imitation coupled with a reward/punishment creates development.
Gender Schema Theory
Children develope mental categories for gender.
The Ova/Eggs
The very beginning of a baby inside of a woman, turns into a baby when it’s fertilized.
Sperm
Fertilizes the egg, determines the sex, comes from the man.
Zygote
A fertilized egg (0-10 days).
Embryo
When body organs start to form (10 days- 9 weeks).
Fetus
When the baby human takes form (9 weeks- birth).
Teratogens
Damaging substances that can impact fetal development (drugs, alcohol, etc).
Rooting Reflex
When a baby’s cheek is touched, it makes them want to suck/root for food.
Temperament
Personality traits that babies are born with.
Habituation
Decreased response with repeated stimulation.
Maturation
Following the genetic plan.
Neural Plasticity
Neural tissue can reorganize (not regenerate).
Jean Piaget
Studied developmental psychology, said that kids aren’t little adults, created developmental stages.
Schemas
Mental categories we can sort information into.
Assimilation
When you use current schemas to incorporate new information.
Accommodation
Change/create schemas to include new information.
Sensorimotor Stage
Experience things through the senses and your actions.
Object Permanence
Things only exist if you can hear or see it.
Stranger Anxiety
Children experience discomfort around non-caregivers.
Preoperational Stage
When children experience speech and language development (2-6).
Egocentrism
When you can only see things from your point of view.
Theory of Mind
When children learn that others have their own thoughts, feelings, and emotions.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
A developmental disorder impacting communication and behavior.
Concrete Operational Stage
When a child starts to understand conservation, but with flaws (6-11/12).
Conservation
The quantity of something can remain the same even though the shape is different.
Formal Operational Stage
Children start to develop abstract and mature reasoning (12+).
Fixation
Getting stuck in/not dealing with the conflict of a stage.
Oral Stage
Gratification from sticking stuff in the mouth.
Anal Stage
Gratification from pooping (1-3).
Phallic (Penis) Stage
Gratification from genital stimulation (3-5).
Latency
Lack of sexual impulses (5-puberty).
Genital Stage
Gratification from genital stimulation (puberty).
Mary Ainsworth
Created attachment theory.
Strange Situation Experiment
Watch a child’s behavior in relation to their parents.
Attachment
The impulse keeps infants close to caregivers.
Secure Attachment
A child is comfortable and happy with their parent around, and distressed without.
Insecure Attachment
Child has an unhealthy relationship/attachment to their parents.
Anxious-Ambivalent
A child is clingy and won’t explore even with their parent around.
Anxious-Avoidant
A child has little to no connection with their parent, and won’t explore.
Harry Harlow’s Monkeys
Experiment by Harry Harlow that shows the importance of contact.
Familiarity
The amount of exposure results in the amount of attachment.
Critical Periods
An important time period for development/attachment.
Imprinting
Some animals will form attachment to the first moving object they see.
Self-Concept
When a child will recognize themselves in a mirror (1.5 years).
Adolescence
Life period between sexual maturity and social/adult independence.
Puberty
2 year period of surging hormones with big changes.
Primary Sexual Characteristics
When you develop reproductive organs during puberty.
Secondary Sexual Characteristics
When you develop lower voices, hairs, breasts, hips, etc during puberty.
Menarche
The first menstrual period of a girl (13 years).
Emerging Adulthood
Period between adolescence and actual adult independence.
Sexual Orientation
Enduring sexual attraction toward members of either your own, or the opposite sex.
Possible Sources of Sexual Orientation
Environmental, cell clusters in hypothalamus, and prenatal hormones.
Lawrence Kohlberg
Used moral dilemmas to determine morality.
Preconventional Stage
When someone avoids punishment, to gain rewards.
Conventional Stage
Someone sees something as right or wrong depending on if they got approval or not.
Postconventional Stage
When someone sees right and wrong in more abstract concepts. They also have better ethics.
Moral Intuition
Maybe morals are less about thinking things through and more about trusting your gut.
Parenting Styles
The way that parents choose to raise their children.
Authoritarian
When parents use strict rules and expect obedience.
Authoritative
When a parent is demanding, but they’re still responsive to their child.
Permissive
When parents let their kids do whatever, but they have small rules/punishments.
Rejecting/Neglecting
When the parent is completely disengaged from their child’s life.
Erik Erikson
Created psychosocial tasks, and adapted Freud’s theories.
Trust vs. Mistrust
Needs met creates trust, such as being fed (0-1).
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
When children only do things for themselves (1-3).
Initiative vs. Guilt
How able you are to make and act out plans (3-6).
Competence/Industry vs. Inferiority
How well you can apply and accomplish tasks (6-puberty).
Identitiy vs. Role Confusion
How well you can create a sense of self (teens-20’s).
Intimacy vs. Isolation
How you behave in life relationships, it’s good to develop a sense of self first (20’s- 40’s).
Generativity vs. Stagnation
The feeling that you’ve accomplished something in life (40’s- 60’s).
Integrity vs. Despair
Whether you have satisfaction or feel like a failure in life (60’s+).
Menopause
An ending of the menstrual cycle that all women go through.
Alzheimer’s Disease
Neuronal atrophy resulting from interference with the release of acetylcholine.
Parkinson’s Disease
A dopamine deficiency that results in shaking and uncontrollable movements.
Social Clock
A generally accepted timetable on when certain things will be done/accomplished in a society.
Cross-Sectional Study
Studying different people all at the same time.
Longitudinal Study
Studying the same people over a long period of time.
Crystallized Intelligence
Memory of knowledge, facts, stories, etc.
Fluid Intelligence
Quick and abstract intelligence/thinking on the spot.
Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’s Stages of Grief
Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
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Flashcard (104)