Ap Psych Unit 6: Development

Continuity vs. Stages

Does development occur in stages, or gradually over time?

Stability vs. Change

How do we change over time?

Nature vs. Nurture

Is your gender dependent on biology, or expectations on how each sex should behave?

Gender Roles

Expectations for how each sex should behave in society.

Social Learning Theory

Observation and imitation coupled with a reward/punishment creates development.

Gender Schema Theory

Children develope mental categories for gender.

The Ova/Eggs

The very beginning of a baby inside of a woman, turns into a baby when it’s fertilized.

Sperm

Fertilizes the egg, determines the sex, comes from the man.

Zygote

A fertilized egg (0-10 days).

Embryo

When body organs start to form (10 days- 9 weeks).

Fetus

When the baby human takes form (9 weeks- birth).

Teratogens

Damaging substances that can impact fetal development (drugs, alcohol, etc).

Rooting Reflex

When a baby’s cheek is touched, it makes them want to suck/root for food.

Temperament

Personality traits that babies are born with.

Habituation

Decreased response with repeated stimulation.

Maturation

Following the genetic plan.

Neural Plasticity

Neural tissue can reorganize (not regenerate).

Jean Piaget

Studied developmental psychology, said that kids aren’t little adults, created developmental stages.

Schemas

Mental categories we can sort information into.

Assimilation

When you use current schemas to incorporate new information.

Accommodation

Change/create schemas to include new information.

Sensorimotor Stage

Experience things through the senses and your actions.

Object Permanence

Things only exist if you can hear or see it.

Stranger Anxiety

Children experience discomfort around non-caregivers.

Preoperational Stage

When children experience speech and language development (2-6).

Egocentrism

When you can only see things from your point of view.

Theory of Mind

When children learn that others have their own thoughts, feelings, and emotions.

Autism Spectrum Disorder

A developmental disorder impacting communication and behavior.

Concrete Operational Stage

When a child starts to understand conservation, but with flaws (6-11/12).

Conservation

The quantity of something can remain the same even though the shape is different.

Formal Operational Stage

Children start to develop abstract and mature reasoning (12+).

Fixation

Getting stuck in/not dealing with the conflict of a stage.

Oral Stage

Gratification from sticking stuff in the mouth.

Anal Stage

Gratification from pooping (1-3).

Phallic (Penis) Stage

Gratification from genital stimulation (3-5).

Latency

Lack of sexual impulses (5-puberty).

Genital Stage

Gratification from genital stimulation (puberty).

Mary Ainsworth

Created attachment theory.

Strange Situation Experiment

Watch a child’s behavior in relation to their parents.

Attachment

The impulse keeps infants close to caregivers.

Secure Attachment

A child is comfortable and happy with their parent around, and distressed without.

Insecure Attachment

Child has an unhealthy relationship/attachment to their parents.

Anxious-Ambivalent

A child is clingy and won’t explore even with their parent around.

Anxious-Avoidant

A child has little to no connection with their parent, and won’t explore.

Harry Harlow’s Monkeys

Experiment by Harry Harlow that shows the importance of contact.

Familiarity

The amount of exposure results in the amount of attachment.

Critical Periods

An important time period for development/attachment.

Imprinting

Some animals will form attachment to the first moving object they see.

Self-Concept

When a child will recognize themselves in a mirror (1.5 years).

Adolescence

Life period between sexual maturity and social/adult independence.

Puberty

2 year period of surging hormones with big changes.

Primary Sexual Characteristics

When you develop reproductive organs during puberty.

Secondary Sexual Characteristics

When you develop lower voices, hairs, breasts, hips, etc during puberty.

Menarche

The first menstrual period of a girl (13 years).

Emerging Adulthood

Period between adolescence and actual adult independence.

Sexual Orientation

Enduring sexual attraction toward members of either your own, or the opposite sex.

Possible Sources of Sexual Orientation

Environmental, cell clusters in hypothalamus, and prenatal hormones.

Lawrence Kohlberg

Used moral dilemmas to determine morality.

Preconventional Stage

When someone avoids punishment, to gain rewards.

Conventional Stage

Someone sees something as right or wrong depending on if they got approval or not.

Postconventional Stage

When someone sees right and wrong in more abstract concepts. They also have better ethics.

Moral Intuition

Maybe morals are less about thinking things through and more about trusting your gut.

Parenting Styles

The way that parents choose to raise their children.

Authoritarian

When parents use strict rules and expect obedience.

Authoritative

When a parent is demanding, but they’re still responsive to their child.

Permissive

When parents let their kids do whatever, but they have small rules/punishments.

Rejecting/Neglecting

When the parent is completely disengaged from their child’s life.

Erik Erikson

Created psychosocial tasks, and adapted Freud’s theories.

Trust vs. Mistrust

Needs met creates trust, such as being fed (0-1).

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

When children only do things for themselves (1-3).

Initiative vs. Guilt

How able you are to make and act out plans (3-6).

Competence/Industry vs. Inferiority

How well you can apply and accomplish tasks (6-puberty).

Identitiy vs. Role Confusion

How well you can create a sense of self (teens-20’s).

Intimacy vs. Isolation

How you behave in life relationships, it’s good to develop a sense of self first (20’s- 40’s).

Generativity vs. Stagnation

The feeling that you’ve accomplished something in life (40’s- 60’s).

Integrity vs. Despair

Whether you have satisfaction or feel like a failure in life (60’s+).

Menopause

An ending of the menstrual cycle that all women go through.

Alzheimer’s Disease

Neuronal atrophy resulting from interference with the release of acetylcholine.

Parkinson’s Disease

A dopamine deficiency that results in shaking and uncontrollable movements.

Social Clock

A generally accepted timetable on when certain things will be done/accomplished in a society.

Cross-Sectional Study

Studying different people all at the same time.

Longitudinal Study

Studying the same people over a long period of time.

Crystallized Intelligence

Memory of knowledge, facts, stories, etc.

Fluid Intelligence

Quick and abstract intelligence/thinking on the spot.

Elizabeth Kubler-Ross’s Stages of Grief

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.