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Chemical Reaction
A process that involves the transformation of reactants into products.
Reactant
One or more substances that enter a chemical reaction.
Product
A substance that is produced in a chemical reaction.
Synthesis Reaction
A type of reaction in which two or more components combine to form a larger molecule.
Anabolic Reaction
A reaction that builds larger molecules from smaller ones, requiring energy.
Decomposition Reaction
A reaction in which a compound breaks down into smaller parts.
Catabolic Reaction
A reaction that breaks down larger molecules into smaller units, releasing energy.
Exchange Reaction
A reaction where bonds are both formed and broken, involving synthesis and decomposition.
Enzyme
A protein that acts as a catalyst to increase the rate of a chemical reaction.
Activation Energy
The minimum amount of energy required to start a chemical reaction.
Catalyst
A substance that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed.
Metabolism
The sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body.
Inorganic Compounds
Compounds that do not contain both carbon and hydrogen.
Organic Compounds
Compounds that contain both carbon and hydrogen.
Water (H2O)
An inorganic compound critical for life, consisting of hydrogen and oxygen.
Heat Sink
A substance that absorbs heat without increasing significantly in temperature.
Dehydration Synthesis Reaction
A reaction where monomers combine to form a polymer with the release of water.
Hydrolysis Reaction
A reaction where water is added to split a bond between monomers.
Salt
A substance that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water.
Electrolytes
Ions in solution capable of conducting electricity.
Acid
A substance that releases hydrogen ions in solution.
Base
A substance that releases hydroxyl ions or accepts hydrogen ions in solution.
pH Scale
A scale that measures the acidity or basicity of a solution, ranging from 0 to 14.
Buffer
A solution that resists changes in pH by neutralizing acids or bases.
Carbohydrates
Organic compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, often used for energy.
Monosaccharides
The simplest form of carbohydrates, consisting of single sugar molecules.
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates composed of two monosaccharides bonded together.
Polysaccharides
Complex carbohydrates composed of many monosaccharides.
Triglyceride
A type of lipid composed of glycerol and three fatty acids.
Phospholipid
A lipid that contains two fatty acid tails and a phosphate head, crucial for cell membranes.
Steroid
Lipids characterized by a core structure of four hydrocarbon rings.
Amino Acid
The monomer units that make up proteins, consisting of an amino group, carboxyl group, and a side chain.
Peptide Bond
A covalent bond formed between amino acids during protein synthesis.
Denaturation
The alteration of a protein's structure due to environmental stress, resulting in loss of function.
Nucleotide
The building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a phosphate group, sugar, and nitrogenous base.
DNA
A nucleic acid that stores genetic information, composed of deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous bases.
RNA
A nucleic acid involved in protein synthesis, composed of ribose sugar and nitrogenous bases.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
The energy currency of the cell, composed of ribose sugar, adenine, and three phosphate groups.
Hydrophilic
Attracting or combining with water; water-soluble.
Hydrophobic
Repelling water; not soluble in water.
Homeostasis
The maintenance of stable internal conditions in the body.
Electrolyte
An ionized substance in solution that can conduct electricity.
Chemical Bonds
Forces that hold atoms together in a molecule.
Metabolic Pathway
A series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
An inorganic compound that consists of one carbon atom and two oxygen atoms.
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