zoology lec pt 1

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Unique Chemical Composition

Unique Chemical Composition

Living systems demonstrate a unique and complex molecular organization.

Metabolism

Biochemical processes and reactions that maintain organisms. It can be anabolism (synthesis of molecule) and catabolism (breakdown of molecules)

Growth and Development

Growth refers to increase in size, while development is the series of progressive, nonrepetitive changes that occur during the life history of an organism.

Environmental Interaction

They can assimilate nutrients and react to certain stimuli.

Genetic Program

Genetic information is coded in the DNA; provides fidelity of inheritance.

Reproduction

Living organisms are able to perpetuate; may result into development of new species.

Adaptation

The biological mechanism by which organisms adjust to new environments or to changes in their current environment.

Organization

Parts of living systems are arranged in order. New characteristics can appear at any level of organization

Movement

Living organisms exhibit precise controlled movements in contrast with non-living things.

Atom

basic unit of matter (consist of proton, neutron, electron)

Molecule

smallest fundamental unit of compounds

cell

basic unit of life

Tissue

a group of similar cells specialized to perform common function

Organ

functional units of an animal body made up of more than one type of tissue.

Organ System

association of organs that together performs an overall function.

Organism

a living creature with interdependent parts.

Population

Consists of individuals capable of interbreeding

Community

an interacting group of various species in a common location

Ecosystem

the complex of living organisms, physical environment, and interrelationships in a unit of space.

Biosphere

life-supporting stratum of Earth’ surface.

Autotrophic

can produce their own food.

Heterotrophic

consumes other organisms for food

Unicellular

composed of only one cell

multicellular

composed of many cells

prokaryotic

type of organisms that do not posses nucleus

eukaryotic

type of organisms that possess nucleus

protoplasmic level

a level normally found in unicellular organisms such as protozoa

cellular level

level of cellular aggregates which are functionally differentiated (division of labor)

tissue level

level of the aggregation of cells organized into definite pattern

organ level

the level where organs were formed for more specialized patterns

organ system level

the level where organs work together to form organ systems

zoology

zoon (animal) + logos (to study); one of the broadest fields of science due to the diversity and complexity of the processes within animals. deals with the investigation of the origin, history, structure, function, identification, classification, distribution, development, inheritance, and significance of living things.

Aristotle

he classified organisms as growing and capable of reproduction. Animals are separated from plants because of movement and sense of environment. Humans are separated due to our ability of deep thought.

Carl Linneaus

Developed the system of binomial nomenclature or “Linnaean System of classification”. Simply, giving an animal a unique, 2-part latin name, the scientific name. He set up a similarity hierarchy, from least similar groups, to most similar.

Null Hypothesis

no relationship or effect among variables

Alternative Hypothesis

proposition that infers relationship or effect among factors of interest to the scientist

Dependent variable

factors intended to be measured to show effect of factors.

Independent variable

factors being manipulated or tested for its effects.

Control group

expected to show desired results (negative control, positive control); serve as checks to the set-up of a study

Experimental group

the group being explored in a study

Theory

forms when a group of related hypotheses are supported by many experiments and observation.

Paradigm

powerful theories that guide extensive research. Scientific revolution is when a ________ is refuted.

Law

statement of what occurs in nature as found by observation and series of experiments to be true.

Principle

law of nature which other laws are based. Paradigms guiding zoological research:

Big Bang theory

universe originated from the explosion of a hot rotating ball of gas.

Doctrine of creation

life is created by a Supreme being.

Spontaneous Generation

Life came from non-living things

Panspermia

microscopic life forms were introduced from outer space

biogenesis

life came from other living organisms

abiogenesis

life came from non-living things or inorganic matter.