AP Gov. Chapter 15 Flashcards (AMSCO 2020-21)

credit to: https://quizlet.com/user/kermitsipstea11/sets

Linkage Institutions

Pressure groups or lobbies that are concerned with corporate profits workers' rights and the environment, product safety, and other issues.

Federalist No. 10

This is one of the federalist papers that addresses the concern over special interests.

Pluralism

A multitude of views that ultimately results in a consensus on some issues

Lobbying

Applying pressure to influences the government

Labor

Labor is a huge broad interest. The power of labor organizations is very important, Labor unions entered the political arena and pushed for legislation that protects workers against unhealthy and hazardous conditions.

Business Associations

Business Associations grew due to the growing labor movement so they could gain influence for their manufacturing and railroad firms. They are more influential lobby men.

Trade Associations

They are a industry body or an organization funded by business that operate in a specific industry.

Social Movements

The progressive era was a fertile period for American reform. Different groups wanted different things to change for more rights.

Sixteenth Amendment

This empowered congress to tax individual incomes, which enhanced the national treasury and encourages frups to push for more services.

Seventeenth Amendment

This empowered citizens to elect their US senators directly, replacing the old system in which state legislators and party caucuses picked the senators.

Nineteenth Amendment

It guaranteed the women's right to cote and doubled the potential voting population.

Civil Rights

These groups typically seeks equality of thoses who are marginalized such as NAACP.

Women's Movement

When a lot of women became elected in office, they wanted equal to everything to a man.

Environmental Movement

The environmental movement drew activists mainly to blacks and women to focus on the environment and climate change.

Consumer Movement

It was where consumers and their advocates began to demand that manufacturers take responsibility for making their products safe.

"Single-issue Group"

Groups that only have one issue they want to be resolved or pushed in the government.

Drawbacks of Interest Groups

They have been the subject of many criticism.In pluralism. There is no such thing as the common good because there are so many conflicting interests in society. Sharp inequality with regards to access to interest groups. As a result of this, governments prioritize their activities and pay attention to politically active interest groups

Hyperpluralism

A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that government, wanting to please them all, is thereby weakened

501(c)(3)

These organizations cuhas as churches and certain hospitals, receive tax deductions for their charitable donations and can influence government by they cannot lobby government officials or donate to campaigns.

501(c)(4)

These groups cuh as certain social welfare organizations, can lobby and ampaing but they can't spend more than half their expenditures on political issues.

Intergovernmental Lobby

Encouraged by redistribution of federal revenues through state governments (Ex: Nat'l Governors Ass., Nat'l League of Cities, U.S. Conference of Mayors)

Professional Associations

Typically represent particular white-collar professions, concerned w/ business success and the laws that guide their trade (Ex: American Medical Ass. (AMA), American Bar Ass. (ABA), Nat'l Education Ass., etc.)

Corporations

Triggered in 1970s (consumer and environmental movements)

Think Tanks

Research institutions, often w/ ideological goals (Ex: Nat'l Ass. of Manufacturers, the Business Roundtable)

Free Rider Problem

Don't pay money or participate, but still reap the benefits

Incentives:Purposive

To give joiner philosophical satisfaction (realize their money will contribute to a worthy cause)

Incentives:Solidary

To allow people of like-mind to gather on occasion

Incentives:Material

To:travel discounts, subscriptions, free items, etc.

Upper-class Bias

Due to the fact that many interest groups charge to be official members, many of whom are upper class with the ability to pay, more of their views are being heard than the average person

Public Interest Groups

Groups that pursue a certain ideology or goal for the public

Common Cause

A source of quality failure where to can show what happened and why

Public Citizen

A non-profit, liberal / progressive consumer rights advocacy group and think tank

National Rifle Association (NRA)

They are the best known single issue groups because they support the second amendment.

American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)

Activist created this after World War 1 to counteract the government's authoritarian interpretation of the First Amendment.

American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)

It has the largest membership of any interest group in the nation. It focuses on issues affecting those 50 and over.

Ideological Groups

Groups that have ideologies of their own that they want to promote.

Political Action Committee (PAC)

Political Action Committees, political arm of a labor union, int. group, or a corporation

Leadership PACs

Political action committee that can be established by current and former members of Congress as well as other prominent political figures

Citizens United v. FEC (2010)

A case that made a landmark decision and declared that corporations and other organizations have a similar tight to free speech as individuals.

Super PACs

An independent expenditure-only committee

Dark Money

Groups that for the relevant part of the tax code, need not disclose donor but cannot spend as freely.

Iron Triangle

They are bonds among a agency

Issue Networks

They are also collectices with similar goals, but they have come together to support a specific issue and usually do not have the long-term relationships that characterize ion triangles.

Insider Strategies

Quietly persuade gov't decision makers through exclusive access

Direct Lobbying

Type of insider strategy (most common form)

Outsider Strategies

Involves lawsuits/get-out-the-vote drives

Lobbyists

People who take part in an organization attempt to influence legislators.

Access

A way of approaching government officials

Give and Take

Lobbyists want access to legislators and Congress members appreciate the information lobbyists can provide. They are negotiators to get what they want.

Key Targets and Strategizing

They pick and choose legislatures and people who can help with their cause.

Research and Expertise

Large interest groups have created entire research departments to study their concerns.

Campaigns and Electioneering

Anything that can help a candidate get into office is key. Such as tv ads or even being elected previously.

Endorsement

A public expression of support

Grassroots Lobbying

Approach that separates itself from direct lobbying through the act of asking the general public to contact legislators and government officials concerning the issue at hand

Framing the Issue

How they look at the issue and what they think about it in a professional standpoint to get support.

Use of the Media

Technology has been a huge way of conveying a message or supporting a candidate etc.

Connecting with the Executive

Interest groups and industry representatives also lobby the executive branch. This practice is particularly useful in view of the fact so much policy comes from the president.

Representing Clients

Established interest groups have legal departments with expert attorneys who both seek out clients to represent and accept those who request them.

Amicus Curiae

A "Friend of the court" where they have an interest but no client.

Republican Party's Pull to the Right

Interest roups have influence the rebulican party to change their views. They did support equal pay but then became very men oriented, It started with Phyliss Schlafly a lifelong Republican which formed a consercatice groups and refocused her energy on stopping the equal rights amendment, The anti-ERA movement gained so much strength that the Republican Party could not ignore its influence. So it withdrew its support for the ERA.

Tea Party

The "Taxed enough already" movement appeared to combat the Obamacare. A lot of Republicans also supported this movements.

Democratic Party's Push to the Left

They also had a shift in plicity, They opposed to civil rights, however during the administration of Franklin D Roosevelt, African Americans aligned with democrats.These strong associations between women's interest groups an the democratic party influenced the party's stand on women's issues.

Scandals

Birtey in Congress, predates formal interest groups. Such as the 1860's Credit Mobilier scandal, a holding company sold nominally priced shares of railroad stock to congressmen in return for favorable cotes on pro-Union Pacific Railroad legislation.

Bundling

Raising large sums from multiple donors for a candidate

Revolving Door

The movement from the job of legislator or regulator to a job within an industry affected by the laws or regulations.