russia

divine right

the idea that the monarch is appointed by god

Lenin

Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov, bolshevik leader

mirs

village communes

kulaks

'rich' peasants

zemstva

elected local councils

social revolutionaries

radical party founded by Chernov

Pavel Milyukov

leader of the kadets

Aleksandr Guchkov

leader of the octobrists

tercentenary

1913 300th anniversary + pageant

okhrana

tsarist secret police

mensheviks

social democrats, 'minority'

Julius Martov

leader of the mensheviks

bolsheviks

'majority' social democrats, wanted immediate revolution

soviets

workers councils

Rasputin

debauched siberian monk

orthodox

foremost religion in russia

romanov

tsarist dynasty + family name

Alexei

hemophiliac son + heir

Karl Marx

father of communism

emancipation of the serfs

1861

duma

russian parliament

constitutional monarchy

monarchy where parliament have the power

self-determination

the demand for identity + individualism

gulag

prison camps in siberia

Prince Lvov

russian aristocrat, first prime minister of the provisional government

Mikhail Rodzianko

octobrist, president of the 4th duma

Aleksandra Kollontai

leading female bolshevik, was part of the bloody sunday march, fought for the simplification of marriage + divorce

nevskii prospekt

main street in petrograd, where crowds gathered during the february revolution

reformist

a supporter of gradual reform

reactionary

opposed to change, particulary political + social reform; aka arch-conservative

Kerensky

provisional government minister of justice in feb, then minister of war in may, and then prime minister in july

pan-slavism

the belief that slavic races should be united and look to russia as the supreme slav country for leadership

Leon Trotsky

bolshevik, chaired the petrograd soviet, organised the military revolutionary committee

cossacks

people of ukraine and southern russia, formed military units and were fiercely loyal to the tsar

kronstadt naval base

the headquarters of the russian baltic fleet

constitution

the set of laws by which a country is governed

Kamenev

voted against an armed revolution in 1917 with zinoviev, was later made a commisssar in lenin's government

permanent revolution

the concept that continuing revolutionary progress within the USSR was dependent on a continuing process of revolution in other countries

Nikolai Chkheidze

leading Georgian menshevik and first president of the petrograd soviet

central committee of the bolshevik party

from 1912, leading group which determined the bolshevik's broad policy objectives

red guards

loyal volunteer soldiers, mostly recruited from the factory workers

Grigorii Zinoviev

supported Kamenev against the october revolution, became head of the party's petrograd organisation

sovnarkom

post-october revolution, the cabinet made up of key government who would run the country

international women's day

thursday, 23rd february

friday 24th feb

200,000 workers on strike, crowds shouting revolutionary slogans and calling for an end to the tsar

saturday 25th feb

250,000 workers on strike, petrograd at a standstill, cossacks refused to attack strikers when ordered to

sunday 26th feb

rodzianko telegram to the tsar about the situation in petrograd

monday 27th feb

volynskii regiment mutiny

Emancipate

When the serfs were set free in 1861

Cossaks

People from Ukraine and S.Russia who were known for their horsemanship and military skill who were loyal to the Tsar

Self determination

People from the same 'nations' have their own country

Russification

Program of making everyone learn Russian, re-naming towns and cities, putting loyal Russians in positions of power

Okhrana

Tsar's secret police

Gulag

Russian prision camps for poilitcal prisioners mainly located in Siberia

Duma

Russian Parliament

Petrograd

Capital of Russia, also known as St Petersberg

autocracy

rule by one person who has no limits to his power

Bolsheviks

Led by Lenin. Wanted immediate revolution

Mensheviks

Opposed the bolsheviks. Let by Julius Martov. Wanted to wait for revolution

Constitiutional Monarchy

a form of democratic government in which a monarch acts as the head of state within the boundaries of a constitution giving real power to a representative assembly

Kadets

Constitutional Democratic party

Kulaks

Russian peasants who were wealthy enough to own a farm and hire labour

La Marseillaise

French national anthem, symbolises for 'Liberty, Equality and Fraternity'

Liberals

Favoured moderate reform and constitutional monarchy. Included groups such as the constitutional democrats (kadets), octobrists and the progressives

Pan-slavism

a belief that all Slav races should be united

Proletarianism

turning the mass of the population into urban workers

reactionary

backwards looking, opposed to change, particularly political and social reform

reformist

supports gradual reform rather than revolution

Social Democrats

Founded in 1898, based on the theories of Karl Marx. was led mainly by intellectuals with main support coming from the industrial working class

Social Revolutionaries

. tried to organise and imporve the positions of peasants

soviet

an elected council

war credits

the raising of taxes and loans to finance the war

zemstva

elected councils responsible for the local administration of provincial districts

Central Committe of the Bokshevik Party

leading Bolshevik groupwhich determuned Bolshevik's broad policies

Cheka

secret police force formed in 1917

Kronstadt Naval Base

Headquarters of the Russian Baltic Fleet

Nationalism

taking business out of private hands and placing them under state control

Russian Orthodox Christian

Religion in Tsarist Russia

Permanent revolution

the concept that continuing revolutionary progress within the USSR was dependant on a continuing process of revolution in other countries

Red guards

Loyal, young and old volunteer soldiers, mostly recruited from factory workers and given basic training

Constituent Assembly

What was supposed to replace the provisional government and draw up a new constitution for Russia

Petrograd Soviet

Council of workers and soldier deputies in Russia

Dual Authority

the division of authority between the Provisional Government and the Petrograd Soviet

Pravda

Bolshevik party newspaper, 'The Truth'

Military Revolutionary Committee

Created by Bolsheviks in preparation for the Oct Rev

April Theses

Lenin's promise to the Russian people and challenge to the Provisional Government to provide peace, land, and bread. Outlines his ideology

Nicholas II

Tsar of Russia

Karl Marx

German philosopher who wrote the communist Manifesto

Julius Martov

Leader of the Mensheviks

Lenin

Leader of the Bolsheviks

Aleksander Kerensky

Prime minister of the provisional government

Alexandra

Tsarina, German princess

Aleksandr Guchkov

Leader of the Octobrists. Minister of war and navy in the PG

Pavel Milyukov

Founded the Kadets. The foreign minister in the PG. Forced out in May after his support for 'war to Victory'

Mikhail Rodzianko

President of the fourth state Duma

Leon Trotsky

Bolshevik. Chaired the Petrograd soviet and organised the MRC. Commissar of foreign affairs

Aleksandra Kollontai

Leader of the IWD protests. Later Commissar for Social Welfare

Victor Chernov

Social Revolutionary. Minister of Agriculture in the provisional government

Lev Kamenev

Leading Bolshevik. Opposed Lenin's April Theses and voted against Oct revolution

Josef Stalin

Took leadership after Lenin's death