Unit 9 KBAT

Plessy v. Ferguson

the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the "separate but equal" doctrine, effectively legitimizing Jim Crow laws in the South for decades

Miscegenation

sexual relationships or reproduction between people of different ethnic groups, especially when one of them is white

Disenfranchise

the process of depriving individuals, particularly racial or ethnic minorities, of their right to vote or participate fully in the political process

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

the fundamental events, figures, and concepts that shape the narrative of the nation's development

Warren Court

the period of the United States Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969 when Earl Warren served as Chief Justice

Brown v. Board of Education II (Brown II)

a Supreme Court decision that followed and focused on the implementation of Brown v. Board of Education

Sit-Ins

a form of nonviolent protest where individuals occupy seats in a segregated establishment, often a lunch counter or bus station, to challenge discrimination and advocate for change

Freedom Rides

bus trips through the American South in 1961 to protest segregated bus terminals

Freedom Riders

groups of white and African American civil rights activists who participated in Freedom Rides

“Letter from Birmingham Jail”

written by Martin Luther King Jr. in 1963, is a powerful essay defending his use of nonviolent civil disobedience against injustice

Children’s March

a nonviolent protest in Birmingham, Alabama, from May 2-10, 1963, where thousands of African American school children marched to demand an end to segregation

March on Washington

a massive civil rights demonstration held on August 28, 1963, in Washington, D.C. to protest racial discrimination and advocate for the passage of civil rights legislation

Civil Rights Act of 1964

a landmark federal law that prohibits discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment, education, and access to public accommodations like restaurants and hotels

Civil Rights Act of 1968

a landmark federal law that prohibited discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

24th Amendment

abolished and forbids the federal and state governments from imposing taxes on voters during federal elections

Freedom Summer

a 1964 campaign by civil rights activists to register African Americans to vote in Mississippi

Selma to Montgomery March

a series of three protest marches in 1965, led by civil rights activists including Martin Luther King Jr, aiming to gain voting rights for African Americans in Selma, Alabama

Voting Rights Act of 1965

a landmark piece of federal legislation in the United States that prohibits racial discrimination in voting

Thurgood Marshall

the first African American to serve on the United States Supreme Court

James Meredith

a pivotal figure in the American Civil Rights Movement, most notably for becoming the first African American student at the University of Mississippi in 1962

Ella Baker

leader of the Civil Rights Movement; known for her grassroots organizing, community empowerment, and influential role in shaping the movement's direction; played a key role in the founding of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) and the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

President Eisenhower

signed the Civil Rights Act of 1957, sent federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas, and desegregated the military

Attorney General Bobby Kennedy

served as the 64th United States attorney general from January 1961 to September 1964; played a key role in advocating for and pushing through landmark legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which significantly advanced civil rights for African Americans

President Kennedy

advocated for the rights of African Americans and reacted to the movement’s actions; eventually recognized the issue as both a moral and constitutional crisis, leading to his proposed Civil Rights Act of 1963

President Johnson

his “Great Society” programs aimed to combat poverty and expand social welfare

Stokely Carmichael

a Trinidadian-born American civil rights activist, anti-war campaigner, and Pan-African revolutionary who gained prominence in the 1960s for popularizing the slogan "Black Power" and leading the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC); shifted towards more radical Black Power ideologies and eventually co-founded the All-African People's Revolutionary Party

James Farmer

a prominent American civil rights activist and leader in the Civil Rights Movement who was the co-founder of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in 1942 and later became its national director, playing a key role in Freedom Rides and other civil rights initiatives

Medgar Evers

a prominent figure in the Civil Rights Movement, known for his tireless work as the first field secretary of the NAACP in Mississippi; dedicated his life to fighting against segregation, promoting voter registration, and investigating racial crimes

Bobby Seale

an American engineer, political activist and author; widely known for co-founding the Black Panther Party with fellow activist Huey P. Newton

Huey Newton

an African American revolutionary and political activist who founded the Black Panther Party with Bobby Seale

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

a civil rights organization formed in 1909 to combat racism and discrimination against African Americans

SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference)

a civil rights organization founded in 1957 that played a crucial role in the American civil rights movement and championed nonviolent protest and civil disobedience to achieve civil rights

SNCC (Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee)

a crucial organization in the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s that focused on coordinating nonviolent protests against racial segregation and discrimination

Urban Riots

large-scale public disturbances characterized by widespread civil disorder, often involving violence, property damage, and confrontations with law enforcement

Black Power

a movement that emphasized racial pride, self-reliance, and the creation of independent black institutions

Black Panther Party

founded by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale, who met at Merritt College in Oakland. It was a revolutionary organization with an ideology of Black nationalism, socialism, and armed self-defense, particularly against police brutality

King’s Assassination

was shot and killed while standing on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel, leading to widespread riots and a national day of mourning

Malcolm’s Assassination

assassinated on February 21, 1965, while giving a speech at the Audubon Ballroom in New York City; was shot by three members of the Nation of Islam