Kinesiology Osteo/Arthro Kinematics

Planes of Action
Lines

3 fixed lines of reference along which the body is divided

Planes of Action
angles

Each plane is at right angles(perpendicular) to the other two planes

The Sagittal Plane

Passes through the body from front to back
Divides the body into right and left parts

The Sagittal Plane
When in anatomic position, motions occurring in this plane are

Flexion and Extension

The Frontal Plane

Passes through the body from side to side
Divides the body into front and back parts

The Frontal Plane
When in anatomic position, motions occurring in this plane are

Abduction and Adduction

The Transverse Plane

Passes through the body horizontally
Divides the body into top and bottom parts

The Transverse Plane
When in anatomic position, motions occurring in this plane are

Internal and external rotation

Whenever a plane passes through the midline of a part, it’s referred to as a BLANK, because it divides the body into equal parts

Cardinal Plane

Plane
Sagittal
what it’s Axes of Motion

Medial and Lateral

Plane
Frontal
what it’s Axes of motion

Anterior and posterior

Plane
Transverse
what it’s Axes of motion

Superior and Inferior

Joint movement occurs in the Sagittal plane and around the BLANK axis

medial and lateral Axis

Joint movement occurs in the Frontal plane and around the BLANK axis

anterior and posterior Axis

Joint movement occurs in the Transverse plane and around the BLANK axis

Internal and External rotation Axis

Joints can be described by the degrees of freedom, or number of planes, in which they can move.
Uniaxial Joint

moves in only 1 plane and around 1 axis, so it has 1 degree of freedom

Joints can be described by the degrees of freedom, or number of planes, in which they can move
Biaxial Joint

Moves in 2 planes and around 2 axes, it has 2 degrees of freedom

Joints can be described by the degrees of freedom, or number of planes, in which they can move
Triaxial Joint

moves in all 3 planes and around all 3 axes, it has 3 degrees of freedom

what is the maximum # of degrees of freedom that an individual joint can have

3

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at Synovial Joints
Flexion

The bending movement of 1 bone on another, bringing the two
segments together
Usually occurs between the anterior surfaces of bones (except
the knee

Osteokinematics
Fundamental Motions that occur at synovial Joints
Extension

The straightening movement of one bone away from another
This motion usually returns the body part to anatomical position after it has been flexed
Joint surfaces tend to move away from each other

Osteokinematics
Hypertension

the continuation of extension beyond the anatomical position

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Abduction

Movement away from the midline of the body

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Adduction

Movement toward the midline

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Abduction and Adduction

The shoulder and hip can abduct and adduct
Exception = the reference point for the fingers is the middle
finger and the reference point for the toes is the second toe

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Horizational abduction and Horizontal adduction

Motions of the shoulder which cannot occur from anatomical
position
The shoulder must first flex or abduct 90 degrees so that the
arm is at shoulder level (and perpendicular to the ground

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Horizational abduction

shoulder movement backward

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Horizational adduction

shoulder movement forward

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Radial Deviation

Wrist abduction, when the hand moves laterally, or toward the thumb side

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Ulnar deviation

Wrist adduction, when the hand moves medially from the anatomical position toward the little finger

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Lateral bending

When the trunk or neck moves sideways

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Right lateral bending

when the right shoulder moves toward the right hip

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Left lateral bending

When the left shoulder moves toward the left hip

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Right (cervical or trunk) rotation

when the face moves toward the right side

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Left (cervical or trunk) rotation

When the face moves toward the left side

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Circumduction

A Circular motion
a combination of flexion, abduction, extension and adduction

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Internal and External Rotation

Rotation is movement of a bone around its longitudinal axi

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Internal rotation

the anterior surface rolls inward toward the midline

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
External rotation

the anterior surface rolls outward, away from midline

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Pronation and Supination

Rotation of the forearm is referred to as pronation and supination

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Pronation

the palm of th ehand faces posteriorly (in the anatomic position)

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Supnation

The palm of the hand faces anteriorly (in the anatomic position)

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Dorsiflexion

flexion at the ankle (bringing the toes up toward the anterior tibia)

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Plantarflexion

extension at the ankle (pointing the foot down, moving the toes away from the anterior tibia

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Inversion

adduction of the calcaneus (moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle)

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Eversion

abduction of the calcaneus (moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle)

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Protraction
(examples of shoulder girdle, jaw)

moving away from midline

Osteokinematics
Fundamental motions that occur at synovial joints
Retraction
(examples of shoulder girdle, jaw)

motion toward midline

Osteokinematics movement can be done

Actively
Passively
Active Assisted

Osteokinematics

Movements of the shaft of bones that we can see
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, etc
Under voluntary control
Aka physiological motion, osteokinematic motion

Arthrokinematics

movements taking place within the joint at the joint surfaces,
that we cannot see
Not under voluntary control
Aka accessory motion, arthrokinematic motion

Arthrokinematics
Types of arthrokinematic motion

Roll
Glide (aka slide)
Spin
Most joint movement involves a combination of all three of these motions

Arthrokinematics
Roll

The rolling of one joint surface on another
new points on each surface come into contact throughout the motion
Ex. a ball rolling across the ground

Arthrokinematics
Glide (AKA slide)

Linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjacent joint surface, one point on one joint surface (remains the same) contacts new points on the other joint surface
Ex. a ice skater’s blade (one point) sliding across the ice surface (many points)

Arthrokinematics
Spin

The rotation of the movable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface
Essentially, the same point on each surface remains in contact with each other
Ex. a top spinning on the table (if it were to remain upright and in one place)

Arthrokinematics
The Convex-Concave Rule
Concave joint

will move on a fixed convex surface in the same direction the body segment is moving. Therefore, the concave joint surface moves in the same direction
as the body segment’s motion

Arthrokinematics
The Convex-Concave Rule
Convex

will move on a fixed concave surface in the opposite direction as the moving body segment. Therefore, the convex joint surface moves in the opposite direction as the body segment’s motion

Arthrokinematics
Joint Conrguency

How well joint surfaces match or fit

Arthrokinematics
Close-packed/ closed-packed position

Joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other. Ligaments and capsules holding the joint together are taut

Arthrokinematics
Open-packed/Loose-packed position (resting position)

Position of maximum in-congruency. Parts of the capsule and supporting ligaments are lax